State of Uttar Pradesh Vs. Devendra Singh
EmailAppeal: Criminal Appeal No. 617 of 1998
(From the Judgment and Order dated 12.03.96 of Allahabad High Court in Crl. A. No. 191 of 1980)
(From the Judgment and Order dated 12.03.96 of Allahabad High Court in Crl. A. No. 191 of 1980)
Petitioner: State of Uttar Pradesh
Respondent: Devendra Singh
Apeal: Criminal Appeal No. 617 of 1998
(From the Judgment and Order dated 12.03.96 of Allahabad High Court in Crl. A. No. 191 of 1980)
(From the Judgment and Order dated 12.03.96 of Allahabad High Court in Crl. A. No. 191 of 1980)
Judges: DORAISWAMY RAJU & ARIJIT PASAYAT, JJ.
Date of Judgment: Apr 13, 2004
Appearances:
Mr. Prashant Choudhary, Mr. Jatinder Kumar Bhatia, Advocates for the Appellant.
Mr. Ranjan Mukherjee, Advocate (A.C.) for the Respondent.
Mr. Ranjan Mukherjee, Advocate (A.C.) for the Respondent.
Head Note:
CRIMINAL LAWS
Evidence Act, 1872
Section 3 – Indian Penal Code, 1860 – Sections 302,376,201 – Unnatural conduct – Rape with murder – Concealment of body – Evidence – Occurrence seen by a boy of 14 years – Girl seen at sugarcane crusher of accused and also seen last with accused – Search made – Accused preventing search in field – Dead body recovered from the sugarcane field of accused – PW had seen throttling of the deceased by accused – No disclosure made by him for 3 days – Illiterate boy – Reasons given for non-disclosure was threats by accused. Held that his silence, in the circumstances, cannot be said to be suspicious or unnatural.
Evidence Act, 1872
Section 3 – Indian Penal Code, 1860 – Sections 302,376,201 – Unnatural conduct – Rape with murder – Concealment of body – Evidence – Occurrence seen by a boy of 14 years – Girl seen at sugarcane crusher of accused and also seen last with accused – Search made – Accused preventing search in field – Dead body recovered from the sugarcane field of accused – PW had seen throttling of the deceased by accused – No disclosure made by him for 3 days – Illiterate boy – Reasons given for non-disclosure was threats by accused. Held that his silence, in the circumstances, cannot be said to be suspicious or unnatural.
Held:
The witness was a young lad and according to his testimony the accused was a hardened criminal with records of violence. It is his evidence that he was threatened by the accused, therefore, his silence in not telling others for the some time cannot, in the circumstances of the case, be held to be suspicious and unnatural. Further the High Court erred in observing that he had stated during examination about his having not seen the occurrence and later on clarifying that he did so because of threats given by the accused. PW-4 nowhere stated of his having not seen the occurrence. (Para 7)
Even if the High Court kept out of consideration PW-4’s evidence, the last seen theory was a factor which was not duly considered by the High Court. The dead body was found in the field of the accused and evidence on record also shows that the accused initially prevented PW-1 and others from searching his field, but after lot of persuasions he permitted the persons searching for the dead body to go to his field and in fact the dead body was recovered therefrom. The said solid circumstance is sufficient, coupled with the initial repulsion exhibited by the accused to substantiate the guilt of the accused. (Para 8)
Cases Reffered:
1. Rana Partap and Ors. v. State of Haryana (1983 (3) SCC 327) (Para 6)
JUDGEMENT:
ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.
1. The State of Uttar Pradesh in this appeal questioned the legality of the judgment rendered by Division Bench of the Allahabad High Court which set aside the conviction of the accused-respondent under sections 302, 376 and 201 of the Indian Penal Code 1860 (in short ‘IPC). The trial court had found the accused guilty and sentenced him to imprisonment for life for the first offence, and seven years and five years for the other two offences respectively. High Court, in appeal, reversed the judgment of the trial court and directed acquittal.
2. Background facts as projected by the prosecution are as follows:
Complainant Brij Lal (PW-1) was father of the deceased aged about 10 years. On 26.12.1978, at about noon, the deceased went to the ‘Kolhu’ of Rajendra Singh father of the accused, in order to chew sugarcane. She was seen chewing the sugarcane at the ‘Kolhu’ by the witnesses. She, however, did not return home. The complainant (PW-1) searched for her, but she could not be found. He was told by the witnesses that deceased was seen chewing sugarcane at the ‘Kohlu’ of the accused and later on she was seen going with the accused towards his sugarcane field. The complainant and some other witnesses went the next day to the sugarcane field of accused Devendra Singh in order to search for the deceased in the said field. The accused did not permit the complainant to have a look at the said sugarcane field. Thereafter, the complainant took the ‘pardhan’ of the village with him as well as other persons and all of them searched for the deceased in the sugarcane field of the accused. During the search, some portion of the field towards the south was found to be freshly dug. The complainant and others dug the said place and the dead body of the deceased was found buried there. The complainant asked the other persons present there to have a watch over the dead body and he himself went to the police station to lodge the report. The complainant lodged the report at P.S. Bilgram at 7.10 p.m. on 27.12.1978. On the basis of the information, investigation was undertaken. On completion of investigation charge sheet was placed. The accused persons pleaded innocence and faced trial.
3. Prosecution examined primarily three witnesses to substantiate its accusations. They are PWs 2 and 3 who claimed to have seen the accused in the company of the deceased just prior to the occurrence, and PW-4 who claimed to be an eyewitness. He stated to have seen the accused throttling the deceased. The High Court found that the evidence of PW-4 did not inspire confidence. His conduct was unnatural. It was accepted that he had not disclosed about his having seen the occurrence for about three days. The High Court also noticed that the said witness at one place had admitted that he had not seen the occurrence but during his examination later on the next day again stated that he had seen the occurrence. In this background the witness was held to be unreliable. High Court held that there was no other material to link the accused with the alleged crime.
4. In support of the appeal, learned counsel for the appellant submitted that the approach of the High Court is clearly erroneous. Merely because PW-4 who was at the relevant time about 16 years of age, and has given reasons as to why he did not disclose having seen the throttling for about three days that should not have been held sufficient to wipe out his credible evidence. He is an illiterate boy belonging to a very backward place and was a farm labourer. Therefore, the High Court should not have held that his conduct was not unnatural. It was pointed out that there is no record to show that he had admitted not to have seen the occurrence. It appears to be an error of record. Further the evidence of PWs 2 and 3 and the fact that the dead body was found in the field of the accused, who prevented people to go into the field initially are circumstances which unerringly pointed to the guilt of the accused. The medical evidence clearly established that the victim was raped and murdered.
5. In response, Mr. Ranjan Mukherjee, learned amicus curiae urged that the High Court has rightly discarded the evidence of PW-4, finding his conduct to be unnatural. Though the record does not show it, on the first day of examination, PW-4 had stated not to have seen the occurrence. The statement on the next day, shows that in all probabilities he had said so. If evidence of PW-4 is kept out of consideration, evidence of others who claimed to have seen the accused in the company of the deceased prior to the incident is of no consequence. The High Court’s view is reasonable since the appeal is against the judgment of acquittal.
6. In view of the rival submissions it has to be first seen whether prosecution has established its case. Strictly speaking, the case is not of circumstantial evidence. Human behaviour varies from person to person. Different people behave and react differently in different situations. Human behaviour depends upon the facts and circumstances of each given case. How a person would react and behave in a particular situation can never be predicted. Every person who witnesses a serious crime reacts in his own way. Some are stunned, become speechless and stand rooted to the spot. Some become hysteric and start wailing. Some start shouting for help. Others run away to keep themselves as far removed from the spot as possible. Yet others rush to the rescue of the victim, even going to the extent of counter-attacking the assailants. Some may remain tight-lipped overawed either on account of the antecedents of the assailant or threats given by him. Each one reacts in his special way even in similar circumstances, leave alone, the varying nature depending upon variety of circumstances. There is no set rule of natural reaction. To discard the evidence of a witness on the ground that he did not react in any particular manner is to appreciate evidence in a wholly unrealistic and unimaginative way. (See Rana Partap and Ors. v. State of Haryana1 ).
7. As rightly noted by the trial court, the witness was a young lad and according to his testimony the accused was a hardened criminal with records of violence. It is his evidence that he was threatened by the accused, therefore, his silence in not telling others for the some time cannot, in the circumstances of the case, be held to be suspicious and unnatural. Further the High Court erred in observing that he had stated during examination about his having not seen the occurrence and later on clarifying that he did so because of threats given by the accused. PW-4 nowhere stated of his having not seen the occurrence. The High Court also committed another error in holding that the witness refused to be cross-examined. This fact is also not borne out from the record.
8. Coupled with the evidence of PW-4, the evidence of PWs 2 and 3 who claimed to have seen the deceased and the accused shortly before the occurrence is of significance. Even if the High Court kept out of consideration PW-4’s evidence, the last seen theory was a factor which was not duly considered by the High Court. The dead body was found in the field of the accused and evidence on record also shows that the accused initially prevented PW-1 and others from searching his field, but after lot of persuasions he permitted the persons searching for the dead body to go to his field and in fact the dead body was recovered therefrom. The said solid circumstance is sufficient, coupled with the initial repulsion exhibited by the accused to substantiate the guilt of the accused.
9. The evidence on record leads to the inevitable conclusion that the accused was responsible for the rape and murder of the victim. Though the judgment under challenge is one of acquittal, in view of the patently perverse conclusions arrived at by the High Court, the same is indefensible and is set aside. The conviction as recorded by the trial court and the sentences imposed are restored. Accused shall surrender to custody forthwith to serve the sentence imposed by the trial court.
10. We record our appreciations for the fair and able manner in which Mr. Ranjan Mukherjee, learned Amicus Curiae argued the case.
1. The State of Uttar Pradesh in this appeal questioned the legality of the judgment rendered by Division Bench of the Allahabad High Court which set aside the conviction of the accused-respondent under sections 302, 376 and 201 of the Indian Penal Code 1860 (in short ‘IPC). The trial court had found the accused guilty and sentenced him to imprisonment for life for the first offence, and seven years and five years for the other two offences respectively. High Court, in appeal, reversed the judgment of the trial court and directed acquittal.
2. Background facts as projected by the prosecution are as follows:
Complainant Brij Lal (PW-1) was father of the deceased aged about 10 years. On 26.12.1978, at about noon, the deceased went to the ‘Kolhu’ of Rajendra Singh father of the accused, in order to chew sugarcane. She was seen chewing the sugarcane at the ‘Kolhu’ by the witnesses. She, however, did not return home. The complainant (PW-1) searched for her, but she could not be found. He was told by the witnesses that deceased was seen chewing sugarcane at the ‘Kohlu’ of the accused and later on she was seen going with the accused towards his sugarcane field. The complainant and some other witnesses went the next day to the sugarcane field of accused Devendra Singh in order to search for the deceased in the said field. The accused did not permit the complainant to have a look at the said sugarcane field. Thereafter, the complainant took the ‘pardhan’ of the village with him as well as other persons and all of them searched for the deceased in the sugarcane field of the accused. During the search, some portion of the field towards the south was found to be freshly dug. The complainant and others dug the said place and the dead body of the deceased was found buried there. The complainant asked the other persons present there to have a watch over the dead body and he himself went to the police station to lodge the report. The complainant lodged the report at P.S. Bilgram at 7.10 p.m. on 27.12.1978. On the basis of the information, investigation was undertaken. On completion of investigation charge sheet was placed. The accused persons pleaded innocence and faced trial.
3. Prosecution examined primarily three witnesses to substantiate its accusations. They are PWs 2 and 3 who claimed to have seen the accused in the company of the deceased just prior to the occurrence, and PW-4 who claimed to be an eyewitness. He stated to have seen the accused throttling the deceased. The High Court found that the evidence of PW-4 did not inspire confidence. His conduct was unnatural. It was accepted that he had not disclosed about his having seen the occurrence for about three days. The High Court also noticed that the said witness at one place had admitted that he had not seen the occurrence but during his examination later on the next day again stated that he had seen the occurrence. In this background the witness was held to be unreliable. High Court held that there was no other material to link the accused with the alleged crime.
4. In support of the appeal, learned counsel for the appellant submitted that the approach of the High Court is clearly erroneous. Merely because PW-4 who was at the relevant time about 16 years of age, and has given reasons as to why he did not disclose having seen the throttling for about three days that should not have been held sufficient to wipe out his credible evidence. He is an illiterate boy belonging to a very backward place and was a farm labourer. Therefore, the High Court should not have held that his conduct was not unnatural. It was pointed out that there is no record to show that he had admitted not to have seen the occurrence. It appears to be an error of record. Further the evidence of PWs 2 and 3 and the fact that the dead body was found in the field of the accused, who prevented people to go into the field initially are circumstances which unerringly pointed to the guilt of the accused. The medical evidence clearly established that the victim was raped and murdered.
5. In response, Mr. Ranjan Mukherjee, learned amicus curiae urged that the High Court has rightly discarded the evidence of PW-4, finding his conduct to be unnatural. Though the record does not show it, on the first day of examination, PW-4 had stated not to have seen the occurrence. The statement on the next day, shows that in all probabilities he had said so. If evidence of PW-4 is kept out of consideration, evidence of others who claimed to have seen the accused in the company of the deceased prior to the incident is of no consequence. The High Court’s view is reasonable since the appeal is against the judgment of acquittal.
6. In view of the rival submissions it has to be first seen whether prosecution has established its case. Strictly speaking, the case is not of circumstantial evidence. Human behaviour varies from person to person. Different people behave and react differently in different situations. Human behaviour depends upon the facts and circumstances of each given case. How a person would react and behave in a particular situation can never be predicted. Every person who witnesses a serious crime reacts in his own way. Some are stunned, become speechless and stand rooted to the spot. Some become hysteric and start wailing. Some start shouting for help. Others run away to keep themselves as far removed from the spot as possible. Yet others rush to the rescue of the victim, even going to the extent of counter-attacking the assailants. Some may remain tight-lipped overawed either on account of the antecedents of the assailant or threats given by him. Each one reacts in his special way even in similar circumstances, leave alone, the varying nature depending upon variety of circumstances. There is no set rule of natural reaction. To discard the evidence of a witness on the ground that he did not react in any particular manner is to appreciate evidence in a wholly unrealistic and unimaginative way. (See Rana Partap and Ors. v. State of Haryana1 ).
7. As rightly noted by the trial court, the witness was a young lad and according to his testimony the accused was a hardened criminal with records of violence. It is his evidence that he was threatened by the accused, therefore, his silence in not telling others for the some time cannot, in the circumstances of the case, be held to be suspicious and unnatural. Further the High Court erred in observing that he had stated during examination about his having not seen the occurrence and later on clarifying that he did so because of threats given by the accused. PW-4 nowhere stated of his having not seen the occurrence. The High Court also committed another error in holding that the witness refused to be cross-examined. This fact is also not borne out from the record.
8. Coupled with the evidence of PW-4, the evidence of PWs 2 and 3 who claimed to have seen the deceased and the accused shortly before the occurrence is of significance. Even if the High Court kept out of consideration PW-4’s evidence, the last seen theory was a factor which was not duly considered by the High Court. The dead body was found in the field of the accused and evidence on record also shows that the accused initially prevented PW-1 and others from searching his field, but after lot of persuasions he permitted the persons searching for the dead body to go to his field and in fact the dead body was recovered therefrom. The said solid circumstance is sufficient, coupled with the initial repulsion exhibited by the accused to substantiate the guilt of the accused.
9. The evidence on record leads to the inevitable conclusion that the accused was responsible for the rape and murder of the victim. Though the judgment under challenge is one of acquittal, in view of the patently perverse conclusions arrived at by the High Court, the same is indefensible and is set aside. The conviction as recorded by the trial court and the sentences imposed are restored. Accused shall surrender to custody forthwith to serve the sentence imposed by the trial court.
10. We record our appreciations for the fair and able manner in which Mr. Ranjan Mukherjee, learned Amicus Curiae argued the case.
