State of U.P. Vs. Jhinkoo Nai
EmailAppeal: Criminal Appeal No.1077 of 1999.
(From the Judgment and Order dated 28.5.99 of the Allahabad High Court in Crl. A. No. 2478 of 1980)
(From the Judgment and Order dated 28.5.99 of the Allahabad High Court in Crl. A. No. 2478 of 1980)
Petitioner: State of U.P.
Respondent: Jhinkoo Nai
Apeal: Criminal Appeal No.1077 of 1999.
(From the Judgment and Order dated 28.5.99 of the Allahabad High Court in Crl. A. No. 2478 of 1980)
(From the Judgment and Order dated 28.5.99 of the Allahabad High Court in Crl. A. No. 2478 of 1980)
Judges: M.B. SHAH & DORAISWAMY RAJU, JJ.
Date of Judgment: Mar 08, 2001
Appearances:
Mr. Praveen Swarup, Mr. Prashant Chaudhary and Mr. Pramod Swarup, Advocates for the Appellant/Petitioner.
Mr. K.B. Sinha, Senior Advocate, Mr. R.K. Singh and Mr. P.N. Ramalingam, Advocates with him for the Respondent.
Head Note:
CRIMINAL LAW
Indian Penal Code, 1860
Section 302 read with Section 34 and Section 307, Section 324 – Murder – Common intention to commit the offence – When can be inferred – Accused persons numbering three, armed with knives entering the house of the complainant dead at night and attacking the inmates – Attack resulting in the death of the deceased girl and injuries to her father and mother – Sessions court convicting two of the accused for offences under Sections 302 and 307 read with Section 34 and acquitting the third accused – Convicted persons appealing to High Court – During pendency of appeal one of the two convict-ed persons expiring and his appeal thus was abated – High Court holding the act of the accused to be an individual act and con-victing the accused for the offence under Section 324 only – Whether High Court justified in altering the conviction from one under Sections 302, read with Section 34 to that under Section 324. Held, applying H.P. Thakore v. State of Gujarat the only reasonable inference which could be drawn from the events was that common intention of the accused was to ravish the deceased young harijan girl and in case of resistance to commit murder by inflicting knife blows. High Court erred in materially altering the sentence and therefore, order of High Court set aside thus restoring the order of sessions court convicting the accused for offences under Section 302 read with Section 34 and Section 307 read with Sec-tion 34.
Held:
Proved facts are-accused were armed with knives; they entered the house of the complainant dead at night; may be to take revenge of quarrel which had taken place at day time or because they are rich and head strong persons; on a refusal to submit and satisfy their sexual lust, accused includ-ing the appellant despite resistance by the girl lifted her and brought her in Osara. At that stage when deceased was crying and resisting, her father PW4 Mani Ram and her mother Nageshari PW5 got up and started raising shouts. Tahir, one of the accused gave knife blow to the deceased and two others gave knife blows to PW4 and PW5. From these facts, only reasonable inference which could be drawn is that common intention of the accused was to ravish the young girl of poor harijan and in case of resist-ance to commit murder by inflicting knife blows. Their adventure in criminality cannot be watered down or nullified by contending that injuries caused by them have not resulted in death of PW4 and PW5. In this view of the matter, the High Court materially erred in altering the sentence of the accused from the offence punishable under Section 302/34 I.P.C. to Section 324 I.P.C. by observing that assault by knife to Mani Ram and Nagesari were individuals act of Jhinkoo (appellant) and Deep Chand and the act of Tahir in inflicting the knife injury on the chest of the deceased appears to be his individual act and, therefore, appell-ant-Jhinkoo cannot be convicted for the offence punishable under Section 302 read with 34 I.P.C. Hence, the impugned order passed by the High Court cannot be sustained. (Para 8)
Cases Reffered:
1. Mithu Singh v. State of Punjab (JT 2001 (4) SC 216) (Para 5)
2. H.P. Thakore v. State of Gujarat ((1976) 4 SCC 640) (Para 7)
2. H.P. Thakore v. State of Gujarat ((1976) 4 SCC 640) (Para 7)
JUDGEMENT:
Shah, J.
1. In Sessions Trial No.391 of 1977, Jhinkoo Nai and Tahir were convicted for the offence punishable under Sections 302 and 307 read with 34 IPC. Third accused Imtiyaz alias Chitharu was acquitted. Against that judgment and order, Jhinkoo Nai along with Tahir filed Criminal Appeal No.2478 of 1980 before the High Court of Allahabad. Pending appeal, Tahir expired and his appeal proved abated. By judgment and order dated 28.5.1999, the High Court set-aside the conviction of Jhinkoo Nai for the offence punishable under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC and Section 307 read with Section 34 IPC but convicted him for the offence punishable under Section 324 IPC and sentenced to suffer RI for two years.
2. Against that judgment and order, the State has preferred Criminal Appeal No. 1077 of 1999. Accused Jhinkoo Nai has also filed special leave petition against the said order which is delayed by 454 days.
3. The learned Counsel for the appellant-State submitted that the judgment and order passed by the High Court acquitting the re-spondent for the offence punishable under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC is, on the face of it, illegal and erroneous. As against this, learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the respond-ent-accused supported the reasons recorded by the High Court acquitting the respondent for the offence punishable under Sec-tions 302 and 307 read with 34 IPC.
4. For appreciating the contention raised by the learned Counsel for the parties, we would refer to the facts as proved by the prosecution. It is the prosecution story that on 14.2.1975, as it was alleged that there was illicit relationship of accused Chitharu and Tahir with Subhawati d/o Sanichari, there was a quarrel between Sanichari Devi and Nageshari (PW5) wife of Mani Ram (PW4). At the time of this quarrel, deceased Chandratara and Mantara daughters of Nageshari were present. The accused Tahir and Chitharu were also sitting nearby. It is the say of the prosecution that during this quarrel Sanichari had given a threat to Nageshari that she would teach her a lesson in near future for the allegation made against her daughter. On the same day, in the mid-night, while Mani Ram and his wife Nageshari were sleep-ing on the verandah of the house and their two daughters were sleeping inside the room, four persons, namely, Deep Chand, who died during the pendency of the trial, Tahir who died during the pendency of the appeal in High Court, Jhinkoo Nai and Imtiyaz alias Chitharu entered into the house of Mani Ram. Tahir, Jhin-koo and Deep Chand entered into the room where Chandratara and Mantara were sleeping. All of them lifted Chandratara who was merely 18 years old and brought her in Osara (Verandah). It is the say of the prosecution witnesses that deceased Chandratara was resisting and was not prepared to satisfy the lust of the accused. At that time, Tahir stabbed her on the left side of chest and she died instantaneously. Nageshari started shouting. Thereafter, Mani Ram and other daughter Mantara also started raising alarm. At that time, Jhinkoo gave a knife blow to Na-geshari on her chest, Deep Chand gave three knife blows to Mani Ram. It is also alleged that Chitharu who was standing with lathi in his hand gave a lathi blow to Mani Ram. Thereafter, they ran away from the scene of occurrence. The aforesaid prosecution story is proved and is accepted by the sessions court as well as the High Court on the basis of evidence of PW3 Mantara d/o Mani Ram, who was sleeping along with her sister on the fateful night, PW4 Mani Ram and PW5 Nageshari. The sessions court rejected defence version that in the night in question a dacoity was committed at the house of Mani Ram as absolute false by observing that it looks quite improbable that a poor Harijan who earns his livelihood by doing Halwahi or Mazdoori should have been made victim of dacoity.
5. Learned Counsel for the respondent vehemently submitted that in view of the evidence led by the prosecution, it is apparent that there was no intention of the accused to commit murder of the deceased, but it was at the most to commit rape. Therefore, the High Court rightly held that assault by knife on Mantra and Nageshari was individual acts of Jhinkoo (respondent) and Deep Chand (deceased) and the High Court rightly altered the convic-tion of the respondent from Section 302 to Section 324 IPC. Learned Counsel also referred to the decision rendered by this Court in Mithu Singh v. State of Punjab, (JT 2001 (4) SC 216 = (2001) 4 SCC 193) and submitted that even though both the accused were armed with pistol, the Court has not drawn the inference of common intention as the one shot was fired by other accused.
6. In our view, contention raised by the learned Counsel for the respondent-accused is without any substance. In case of Mithu Singh (Supra) the Court arrived at the conclusion that there was nothing available on record to draw an inference that co-accused had gone to the house of deceased with the intention of causing her death and such intention was known to the accused much less shared by him. Hence, Court set-aside the conviction under Section 302/34 IPC. We reiterate that for common intention, there could rarely be direct evidence. The ultimate decision, at any rate, would invariably depend upon the inferences deducible from the circumstances of each case. It is settled law that the common intention or the intention of the individual concerned in fur-therance of the common intention could be proved either from direct evidence or by inference from the acts or attending cir-cumstances of the case and conduct of the parties.
7. Further, when several persons simultaneously attack with common intent, no distinction between causing the fatal and non-fatal wounds could be drawn while allocating the guilt. Negativ-ing similar contention this Court in H.P. Thakore v. State of Gujarat ((1976) 4 SCC 640) succinctly observed:
“… when a murderous assault by many hands with many knives has ended fatally, it is legally impermissible to dissect the serious ones from the others and seek to salvage those whose stabs have not proved fatal. When people play with knives and lives, the circumstances that one man’s stab falls on a less or more vulner-able part of the person of the victim is of no consequence to fix the guilt for murder. Conjoint complicity is the inevitable inference when a gory group animated by lethal intent accomplish their purpose cumulatively. Section 34 IPC fixing constructive liability conclusively silences such a refind plea of extrica-tion. {See Amir Hussain v. State of U.P. ((1975) 4 SCC 247); Maina Singh v. State of Rajasthan ((1976) 2 SCC 827)}. Lord Sumner’s classic legal shorthand for constructive criminal li-ability, expressed in the Miltonic verse ‘They also serve who only stand and wait’ a fortiori embraces cases of common intent instantly formed, triggering a plurality of persons into an adventure in criminality, some hitting, some missing, some split-ting hostile heads, some spilling drops of blood. Guilt goes with community of intent coupled with participatory presence or operation. No finer juristic niceties can be pressed into service to nullify or jettison the plain punitive purpose of the Penal Code.”
(Emphasis supplied)
8. Now let us apply the aforesaid principles to the facts of the present case and find out what reasonable inference could be drawn by a prudent man? Proved facts are-accused were armed with knives; they entered the house of the complainant dead at night; may be to take revenge of quarrel which had taken place at day time or because they are rich and head strong persons; on a refusal to submit and satisfy their sexual lust, accused includ-ing the appellant despite resistance by the girl lifted her and brought her in Osara. At that stage when deceased was crying and resisting, her father PW4 Mani Ram and her mother Nageshari PW5 got up and started raising shouts. Tahir, one of the accused gave knife blow to the deceased and two others gave knife blows to PW4 and PW5. From these facts, only reasonable inference which could be drawn is that common intention of the accused was to ravish the young girl of poor harijan and in case of resist-ance to commit murder by inflicting knife blows. Their adventure in criminality cannot be watered down or nullified by contending that injuries caused by them have not resulted in death of PW4 and PW5. In this view of the matter, the High Court materially erred in altering the sentence of the accused from the offence punishable under Section 302/34 I.P.C. to Section 324 I.P.C. by observing that assault by knife to Mani Ram and Nagesari were individuals act of Jhinkoo (appellant) and Deep Chand and the act of Tahir in inflicting the knife injury on the chest of the deceased appears to be his individual act and, therefore, appell-ant-Jhinkoo cannot be convicted for the offence punishable under Section 302 read with 34 I.P.C. Hence, the impugned order passed by the High Court cannot be sustained.
9. In the result, the appeal filed by the State is allowed, the impugned order passed by the High Court is quashed and set-aside and the order passed by the Additional Sessions Judge, Azamgarh convicting the respondent for the offence punishable under Sec-tion 302 read with 34 IPC and Section 307 read with 34 IPC is restored. Respondent-Jhinkoo Nai be taken into custody for undergoing the remaining part of his sentence.
10. So far as the appeal filed by Jhinkoo is concerned which is delayed by 454 days, even if we condone the delay, the same would not survive because of his conviction under Section 302 IPC as stated hereinbefore. Hence, the delay is condoned and the spe-cial leave petition is dismissed.
11. Ordered accordingly.
1. In Sessions Trial No.391 of 1977, Jhinkoo Nai and Tahir were convicted for the offence punishable under Sections 302 and 307 read with 34 IPC. Third accused Imtiyaz alias Chitharu was acquitted. Against that judgment and order, Jhinkoo Nai along with Tahir filed Criminal Appeal No.2478 of 1980 before the High Court of Allahabad. Pending appeal, Tahir expired and his appeal proved abated. By judgment and order dated 28.5.1999, the High Court set-aside the conviction of Jhinkoo Nai for the offence punishable under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC and Section 307 read with Section 34 IPC but convicted him for the offence punishable under Section 324 IPC and sentenced to suffer RI for two years.
2. Against that judgment and order, the State has preferred Criminal Appeal No. 1077 of 1999. Accused Jhinkoo Nai has also filed special leave petition against the said order which is delayed by 454 days.
3. The learned Counsel for the appellant-State submitted that the judgment and order passed by the High Court acquitting the re-spondent for the offence punishable under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC is, on the face of it, illegal and erroneous. As against this, learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the respond-ent-accused supported the reasons recorded by the High Court acquitting the respondent for the offence punishable under Sec-tions 302 and 307 read with 34 IPC.
4. For appreciating the contention raised by the learned Counsel for the parties, we would refer to the facts as proved by the prosecution. It is the prosecution story that on 14.2.1975, as it was alleged that there was illicit relationship of accused Chitharu and Tahir with Subhawati d/o Sanichari, there was a quarrel between Sanichari Devi and Nageshari (PW5) wife of Mani Ram (PW4). At the time of this quarrel, deceased Chandratara and Mantara daughters of Nageshari were present. The accused Tahir and Chitharu were also sitting nearby. It is the say of the prosecution that during this quarrel Sanichari had given a threat to Nageshari that she would teach her a lesson in near future for the allegation made against her daughter. On the same day, in the mid-night, while Mani Ram and his wife Nageshari were sleep-ing on the verandah of the house and their two daughters were sleeping inside the room, four persons, namely, Deep Chand, who died during the pendency of the trial, Tahir who died during the pendency of the appeal in High Court, Jhinkoo Nai and Imtiyaz alias Chitharu entered into the house of Mani Ram. Tahir, Jhin-koo and Deep Chand entered into the room where Chandratara and Mantara were sleeping. All of them lifted Chandratara who was merely 18 years old and brought her in Osara (Verandah). It is the say of the prosecution witnesses that deceased Chandratara was resisting and was not prepared to satisfy the lust of the accused. At that time, Tahir stabbed her on the left side of chest and she died instantaneously. Nageshari started shouting. Thereafter, Mani Ram and other daughter Mantara also started raising alarm. At that time, Jhinkoo gave a knife blow to Na-geshari on her chest, Deep Chand gave three knife blows to Mani Ram. It is also alleged that Chitharu who was standing with lathi in his hand gave a lathi blow to Mani Ram. Thereafter, they ran away from the scene of occurrence. The aforesaid prosecution story is proved and is accepted by the sessions court as well as the High Court on the basis of evidence of PW3 Mantara d/o Mani Ram, who was sleeping along with her sister on the fateful night, PW4 Mani Ram and PW5 Nageshari. The sessions court rejected defence version that in the night in question a dacoity was committed at the house of Mani Ram as absolute false by observing that it looks quite improbable that a poor Harijan who earns his livelihood by doing Halwahi or Mazdoori should have been made victim of dacoity.
5. Learned Counsel for the respondent vehemently submitted that in view of the evidence led by the prosecution, it is apparent that there was no intention of the accused to commit murder of the deceased, but it was at the most to commit rape. Therefore, the High Court rightly held that assault by knife on Mantra and Nageshari was individual acts of Jhinkoo (respondent) and Deep Chand (deceased) and the High Court rightly altered the convic-tion of the respondent from Section 302 to Section 324 IPC. Learned Counsel also referred to the decision rendered by this Court in Mithu Singh v. State of Punjab, (JT 2001 (4) SC 216 = (2001) 4 SCC 193) and submitted that even though both the accused were armed with pistol, the Court has not drawn the inference of common intention as the one shot was fired by other accused.
6. In our view, contention raised by the learned Counsel for the respondent-accused is without any substance. In case of Mithu Singh (Supra) the Court arrived at the conclusion that there was nothing available on record to draw an inference that co-accused had gone to the house of deceased with the intention of causing her death and such intention was known to the accused much less shared by him. Hence, Court set-aside the conviction under Section 302/34 IPC. We reiterate that for common intention, there could rarely be direct evidence. The ultimate decision, at any rate, would invariably depend upon the inferences deducible from the circumstances of each case. It is settled law that the common intention or the intention of the individual concerned in fur-therance of the common intention could be proved either from direct evidence or by inference from the acts or attending cir-cumstances of the case and conduct of the parties.
7. Further, when several persons simultaneously attack with common intent, no distinction between causing the fatal and non-fatal wounds could be drawn while allocating the guilt. Negativ-ing similar contention this Court in H.P. Thakore v. State of Gujarat ((1976) 4 SCC 640) succinctly observed:
“… when a murderous assault by many hands with many knives has ended fatally, it is legally impermissible to dissect the serious ones from the others and seek to salvage those whose stabs have not proved fatal. When people play with knives and lives, the circumstances that one man’s stab falls on a less or more vulner-able part of the person of the victim is of no consequence to fix the guilt for murder. Conjoint complicity is the inevitable inference when a gory group animated by lethal intent accomplish their purpose cumulatively. Section 34 IPC fixing constructive liability conclusively silences such a refind plea of extrica-tion. {See Amir Hussain v. State of U.P. ((1975) 4 SCC 247); Maina Singh v. State of Rajasthan ((1976) 2 SCC 827)}. Lord Sumner’s classic legal shorthand for constructive criminal li-ability, expressed in the Miltonic verse ‘They also serve who only stand and wait’ a fortiori embraces cases of common intent instantly formed, triggering a plurality of persons into an adventure in criminality, some hitting, some missing, some split-ting hostile heads, some spilling drops of blood. Guilt goes with community of intent coupled with participatory presence or operation. No finer juristic niceties can be pressed into service to nullify or jettison the plain punitive purpose of the Penal Code.”
(Emphasis supplied)
8. Now let us apply the aforesaid principles to the facts of the present case and find out what reasonable inference could be drawn by a prudent man? Proved facts are-accused were armed with knives; they entered the house of the complainant dead at night; may be to take revenge of quarrel which had taken place at day time or because they are rich and head strong persons; on a refusal to submit and satisfy their sexual lust, accused includ-ing the appellant despite resistance by the girl lifted her and brought her in Osara. At that stage when deceased was crying and resisting, her father PW4 Mani Ram and her mother Nageshari PW5 got up and started raising shouts. Tahir, one of the accused gave knife blow to the deceased and two others gave knife blows to PW4 and PW5. From these facts, only reasonable inference which could be drawn is that common intention of the accused was to ravish the young girl of poor harijan and in case of resist-ance to commit murder by inflicting knife blows. Their adventure in criminality cannot be watered down or nullified by contending that injuries caused by them have not resulted in death of PW4 and PW5. In this view of the matter, the High Court materially erred in altering the sentence of the accused from the offence punishable under Section 302/34 I.P.C. to Section 324 I.P.C. by observing that assault by knife to Mani Ram and Nagesari were individuals act of Jhinkoo (appellant) and Deep Chand and the act of Tahir in inflicting the knife injury on the chest of the deceased appears to be his individual act and, therefore, appell-ant-Jhinkoo cannot be convicted for the offence punishable under Section 302 read with 34 I.P.C. Hence, the impugned order passed by the High Court cannot be sustained.
9. In the result, the appeal filed by the State is allowed, the impugned order passed by the High Court is quashed and set-aside and the order passed by the Additional Sessions Judge, Azamgarh convicting the respondent for the offence punishable under Sec-tion 302 read with 34 IPC and Section 307 read with 34 IPC is restored. Respondent-Jhinkoo Nai be taken into custody for undergoing the remaining part of his sentence.
10. So far as the appeal filed by Jhinkoo is concerned which is delayed by 454 days, even if we condone the delay, the same would not survive because of his conviction under Section 302 IPC as stated hereinbefore. Hence, the delay is condoned and the spe-cial leave petition is dismissed.
11. Ordered accordingly.
