State of Rajasthan Vs. Rajendra Prasad Jain
EmailAppeal: Criminal Appeal No. 360 of 2008
[Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 904 of 2007]
[From the final Judgment and Order dated 27.04.2006 of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan, Jaipur Bench at Jaipur in S.B. Criminal Leave to Appeal No. 23 of 2002]
[Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 904 of 2007]
[From the final Judgment and Order dated 27.04.2006 of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan, Jaipur Bench at Jaipur in S.B. Criminal Leave to Appeal No. 23 of 2002]
Petitioner: State of Rajasthan
Respondent: Rajendra Prasad Jain
Apeal: Criminal Appeal No. 360 of 2008
[Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 904 of 2007]
[From the final Judgment and Order dated 27.04.2006 of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan, Jaipur Bench at Jaipur in S.B. Criminal Leave to Appeal No. 23 of 2002]
[Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 904 of 2007]
[From the final Judgment and Order dated 27.04.2006 of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan, Jaipur Bench at Jaipur in S.B. Criminal Leave to Appeal No. 23 of 2002]
Judges: Dr. Arijit Pasayat & P. Sathasivam, JJ.
Date of Judgment: Feb 22, 2008
Appearances:
Mr. Naveen Kumar Singh, Mr. Shashwat Gupta and Mr. Aruneshwar Gupta, Advocates for the Appellant.
Head Note:
Criminal Law
Criminal Procedure Code, 1973
Section 378(1), (3) – Appeal against acquittal – Leave to appeal – Grant or refusal of; – Anti-corruption case – No proper appraisal of evidence by trial court – Admission by accused having received amount – High Court not assigning any reasons for refusal. Held that orders are unsustainable. Order set aside and matter remitted for fresh consideration.
Criminal Procedure Code, 1973
Section 378(1), (3) – Appeal against acquittal – Leave to appeal – Grant or refusal of; – Anti-corruption case – No proper appraisal of evidence by trial court – Admission by accused having received amount – High Court not assigning any reasons for refusal. Held that orders are unsustainable. Order set aside and matter remitted for fresh consideration.
Held:
The trial court was required to carefully appraise the entire evidence and then come to a conclusion. If the trial Court was at lapse in this regard, the High Court was obliged to undertake such an exercise by entertaining the appeal. The trial Court on the facts of this case did not perform its duties, as was enjoined on it by law. The High Court ought to have in such circumstances granted leave and thereafter as a first court of appeal, re-appreciated the entire evidence on the record independently and returned its findings objectively as regards guilt or otherwise of the accused. It has failed to do so. The questions involved were not trivial. The effect of the admission of the accused in the background of testimony of official witnesses and the documents exhibited needed adjudication in appeal. The High Court has not given any reasons for refusing to grant leave to file appeal against acquittal, and seems to have been completely oblivious to the fact that by such refusal, a close scrutiny of the order of acquittal, by the appellate forum, has been lost once and for all. The manner in which appeal against acquittal has been dealt with by the High Court leaves much to be desired. (Para 7)
Cases Reffered:
1. State of Orissa v. Dhaniram Luhar [JT 2004 (2) SC 172] (Para 10)
2. Raj Kishore Jha v. State of Bihar and Ors. [JT 2003 (Suppl.2) SC 354] (Para 8)
3. State of U.P. v. Battan and Ors. [JT 2000 (8) SC 50] (Para 7)
4. Jawahar Lal Singh v. Naresh Singh and Ors. [JT 1987 (1) SC 388] (Para 7)
5. State of Maharashtra v. Vithal Rao Pritirao Chawan [AIR 1982 SC 1215] (Para 7)
Foreign Cases Referred:
1. Alexander Machinery (Dudley) Ltd. v. Crabtree [1974 ICR 120] (Para 9)
2. Breen v. Amalgamated Engineering Union [1971 (1) All ER 1148] (Para 9)
2. Raj Kishore Jha v. State of Bihar and Ors. [JT 2003 (Suppl.2) SC 354] (Para 8)
3. State of U.P. v. Battan and Ors. [JT 2000 (8) SC 50] (Para 7)
4. Jawahar Lal Singh v. Naresh Singh and Ors. [JT 1987 (1) SC 388] (Para 7)
5. State of Maharashtra v. Vithal Rao Pritirao Chawan [AIR 1982 SC 1215] (Para 7)
Foreign Cases Referred:
1. Alexander Machinery (Dudley) Ltd. v. Crabtree [1974 ICR 120] (Para 9)
2. Breen v. Amalgamated Engineering Union [1971 (1) All ER 1148] (Para 9)
JUDGEMENT:
Dr. Arijit Pasayat, J.
1. Leave granted.
2. Challenge in this appeal is to the Order passed by a Learned Single Judge of the Rajasthan High Court dismissing the application filed for grant of leave to prefer an appeal in terms of Section 378(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (in short the ‘CrPC’).
3. Background facts need to be noted in brief:
3.1. Respondent faced trial for alleged commission for offences punishable under Sections 7 and 13(1)(d) read with Section 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1978 (in short the ‘Act’). Learned Special Judge, Sessions Court, Prevention of Corruption Act, Kota in Sessions Case No. 8 of 2001 directed acquittal. The basic reason for directing acquittal was that the prosecution has failed to prove the demand and acceptance of bribe and also that on the day the complainant claimed to have paid the bribe, no work was pending with the accused.
3.2. The appellant State filed an application for grant of leave. The same has been rejected by the impugned order. To say the least the order is practicably unreasoned. The High Court appears to have lost sight of the fact that in the statement recorded under Section 313 CrPC the respondent specifically accepted that he has received a sum of Rs.2,000/- from the complainant for payment of certain outstanding dues, but such a plea was not taken in the course of the trap proceedings.
4. There is no appearance on behalf of the respondent though notice has been served.
5. Parameters to be adopted while dealing with such an application has been laid down by this Court in several cases.
6. Section 378 of the CrPC deals with the power of the High Court to grant leave in case of acquittal. Sub-sections (1) and (3) of Section 378 read as follows:
‘378(1) Save as otherwise provided in sub-section (2) and subject to the provisions of sub-section (3) and (5), the State Government may, in any case, direct the Public Prosecutor to present an appeal to the High Court from an original or appellate order of acquittal passed by any Court other than a High Court or an order of acquittal passed by the Court of Session in revision.
(3) No appeal under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) shall be entertained except with the leave of the High Court’.
7. The trial Court was required to carefully appraise the entire evidence and then come to a conclusion. If the trial Court was at lapse in this regard, the High Court was obliged to undertake such an exercise by entertaining the appeal. The trial Court on the facts of this case did not perform its duties, as was enjoined on it by law. The High Court ought to have in such circumstances granted leave and thereafter as a first court of appeal, re-appreciated the entire evidence on the record independently and returned its findings objectively as regards guilt or otherwise of the accused. It has failed to do so. The questions involved were not trivial. The effect of the admission of the accused in the background of testimony of official witnesses and the documents exhibited needed adjudication in appeal. The High Court has not given any reasons for refusing to grant leave to file appeal against acquittal, and seems to have been completely oblivious to the fact that by such refusal, a close scrutiny of the order of acquittal, by the appellate forum, has been lost once and for all. The manner in which appeal against acquittal has been dealt with by the High Court leaves much to be desired. Reasons introduce clarity in an order. On plainest consideration of justice, the High Court ought to have set forth its reasons, howsoever brief in its order, indicative of an application of its mind; all the more when its order is amenable to further avenue of challenge. The absence of reasons has rendered the High Court order not sustainable. Similar view was expressed in State of U.P. v. Battan and Ors. [JT 2000 (8) SC 50 ; 2001 (10) SCC 607]. About two decades back in State of Maharashtra v. Vithal Rao Pritirao Chawan [AIR 1982 SC 1215] the desirability of a speaking order while dealing with an application for grant of leave was highlighted. The requirement of indicating reasons in such cases has been judicially recognized as imperative. The view was reiterated in Jawahar Lal Singh v. Naresh Singh and Ors. [JT 1987 (1) SC 388 ; 1987 (2) SCC 222]. Judicial discipline to abide by declaration of law by this Court, cannot be forsaken, under any pretext by any authority or Court, be it even the highest Court in a State, oblivious to Article 141 of the Constitution of India, 1950 (in short the ‘Constitution’).
8. Reason is the heartbeat of every conclusion, and without the same it becomes lifeless. (See Raj Kishore Jha v. State of Bihar and Ors. [JT 2003 (Suppl.2) SC 354]).
9. Even in respect of administrative orders, Lord Denning M.R. in Breen v. Amalgamated Engineering Union [1971 (1) All ER 1148] observed ‘The giving of reasons is one of the fundamentals of good administration’. In Alexander Machinery (Dudley) Ltd. v. Crabtree [1974 ICR 120] (NIRC) it was observed: ‘Failure to give reasons amounts to denial of justice’. Reasons are live links between the mind of the decision-taker to the controversy in question and the decision or conclusion arrived at’. Reasons substitute subjectivity by objectivity. The emphasis on recording reasons is that if the decision reveals the ‘inscrutable face of the sphinx’, it can, by its silence, render it virtually impossible for the Courts to perform their appellate function or exercise the power of judicial review in adjudging the validity of the decision. Right to reason is an indispensable part of a sound judicial system; reasons at least sufficient to indicate an application of mind to the matter before Court. Another rationale is that the affected party can know why the decision has gone against him. One of the salutary requirements of natural justice is spelling out reasons for the order made; in other words, a speaking out. The ‘inscrutable face of a sphinx’ is ordinarily incongruous with a judicial or quasi-judicial performance.
10. The above position was highlighted in State of Orissa v. Dhaniram Luhar [JT 2004 (2) SC 172 ; 2004(5) SCC 568].
11. Therefore, the impugned order of the High Court cannot be sustained and is set aside, and matter is remitted to it. The High Court shall take up the matter afresh and dispose of the same in accordance with law. The appeal is allowed without any order as to costs.
1. Leave granted.
2. Challenge in this appeal is to the Order passed by a Learned Single Judge of the Rajasthan High Court dismissing the application filed for grant of leave to prefer an appeal in terms of Section 378(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (in short the ‘CrPC’).
3. Background facts need to be noted in brief:
3.1. Respondent faced trial for alleged commission for offences punishable under Sections 7 and 13(1)(d) read with Section 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1978 (in short the ‘Act’). Learned Special Judge, Sessions Court, Prevention of Corruption Act, Kota in Sessions Case No. 8 of 2001 directed acquittal. The basic reason for directing acquittal was that the prosecution has failed to prove the demand and acceptance of bribe and also that on the day the complainant claimed to have paid the bribe, no work was pending with the accused.
3.2. The appellant State filed an application for grant of leave. The same has been rejected by the impugned order. To say the least the order is practicably unreasoned. The High Court appears to have lost sight of the fact that in the statement recorded under Section 313 CrPC the respondent specifically accepted that he has received a sum of Rs.2,000/- from the complainant for payment of certain outstanding dues, but such a plea was not taken in the course of the trap proceedings.
4. There is no appearance on behalf of the respondent though notice has been served.
5. Parameters to be adopted while dealing with such an application has been laid down by this Court in several cases.
6. Section 378 of the CrPC deals with the power of the High Court to grant leave in case of acquittal. Sub-sections (1) and (3) of Section 378 read as follows:
‘378(1) Save as otherwise provided in sub-section (2) and subject to the provisions of sub-section (3) and (5), the State Government may, in any case, direct the Public Prosecutor to present an appeal to the High Court from an original or appellate order of acquittal passed by any Court other than a High Court or an order of acquittal passed by the Court of Session in revision.
(3) No appeal under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) shall be entertained except with the leave of the High Court’.
7. The trial Court was required to carefully appraise the entire evidence and then come to a conclusion. If the trial Court was at lapse in this regard, the High Court was obliged to undertake such an exercise by entertaining the appeal. The trial Court on the facts of this case did not perform its duties, as was enjoined on it by law. The High Court ought to have in such circumstances granted leave and thereafter as a first court of appeal, re-appreciated the entire evidence on the record independently and returned its findings objectively as regards guilt or otherwise of the accused. It has failed to do so. The questions involved were not trivial. The effect of the admission of the accused in the background of testimony of official witnesses and the documents exhibited needed adjudication in appeal. The High Court has not given any reasons for refusing to grant leave to file appeal against acquittal, and seems to have been completely oblivious to the fact that by such refusal, a close scrutiny of the order of acquittal, by the appellate forum, has been lost once and for all. The manner in which appeal against acquittal has been dealt with by the High Court leaves much to be desired. Reasons introduce clarity in an order. On plainest consideration of justice, the High Court ought to have set forth its reasons, howsoever brief in its order, indicative of an application of its mind; all the more when its order is amenable to further avenue of challenge. The absence of reasons has rendered the High Court order not sustainable. Similar view was expressed in State of U.P. v. Battan and Ors. [JT 2000 (8) SC 50 ; 2001 (10) SCC 607]. About two decades back in State of Maharashtra v. Vithal Rao Pritirao Chawan [AIR 1982 SC 1215] the desirability of a speaking order while dealing with an application for grant of leave was highlighted. The requirement of indicating reasons in such cases has been judicially recognized as imperative. The view was reiterated in Jawahar Lal Singh v. Naresh Singh and Ors. [JT 1987 (1) SC 388 ; 1987 (2) SCC 222]. Judicial discipline to abide by declaration of law by this Court, cannot be forsaken, under any pretext by any authority or Court, be it even the highest Court in a State, oblivious to Article 141 of the Constitution of India, 1950 (in short the ‘Constitution’).
8. Reason is the heartbeat of every conclusion, and without the same it becomes lifeless. (See Raj Kishore Jha v. State of Bihar and Ors. [JT 2003 (Suppl.2) SC 354]).
9. Even in respect of administrative orders, Lord Denning M.R. in Breen v. Amalgamated Engineering Union [1971 (1) All ER 1148] observed ‘The giving of reasons is one of the fundamentals of good administration’. In Alexander Machinery (Dudley) Ltd. v. Crabtree [1974 ICR 120] (NIRC) it was observed: ‘Failure to give reasons amounts to denial of justice’. Reasons are live links between the mind of the decision-taker to the controversy in question and the decision or conclusion arrived at’. Reasons substitute subjectivity by objectivity. The emphasis on recording reasons is that if the decision reveals the ‘inscrutable face of the sphinx’, it can, by its silence, render it virtually impossible for the Courts to perform their appellate function or exercise the power of judicial review in adjudging the validity of the decision. Right to reason is an indispensable part of a sound judicial system; reasons at least sufficient to indicate an application of mind to the matter before Court. Another rationale is that the affected party can know why the decision has gone against him. One of the salutary requirements of natural justice is spelling out reasons for the order made; in other words, a speaking out. The ‘inscrutable face of a sphinx’ is ordinarily incongruous with a judicial or quasi-judicial performance.
10. The above position was highlighted in State of Orissa v. Dhaniram Luhar [JT 2004 (2) SC 172 ; 2004(5) SCC 568].
11. Therefore, the impugned order of the High Court cannot be sustained and is set aside, and matter is remitted to it. The High Court shall take up the matter afresh and dispose of the same in accordance with law. The appeal is allowed without any order as to costs.
