State of Karnataka Vs. Papanaika and Ors.
Email(From the Judgment and Order dated 3.4.98 of the Karnataka High Court in Crl. A. No. 962 of 1996)
(From the Judgment and Order dated 3.4.98 of the Karnataka High Court in Crl. A. No. 962 of 1996)
Mr. K.B. Sinha, Senior Advocate, Mr. G.V. Chandrashekhar, Advocate for Mr. P.P. Singh, Advocate with him for the Respondents.
Indian Penal Code, 1860
Sections 302,324,147,148,149 – Evidence Act, 1872 – Section 3 – Murder case – Common object – Applicability – As many as 17 accused prosecuted – Except 6 accused all others acquitted – High Court recording acquittal of convicted six also on same ground – Deceased way laid by accused party – Assault with chopper, iron rod, clubs – A1 giving chopper blow on head – A2 assaulting with iron rod – When wife tried to rescue, she also got injured – Nephew also come to rescue, but was beaten with clubs and stones – All leaving, thinking the victim as dead – Wife giving names of 4 persons – Slight improvement with regard to others – But another witness also naming two other accused – All witnesses categorical as to who was holding what and who assaulted with different weapons – PWs belonging to different factions – PWs related and having litigation with faction of accused – Proper appreciation of evidence by trial court. Held that approach of High Court was incorrect. Some exaggeration and embellishment can appear due to lapse of time or poor memory.
The Division Bench of the High Court came to the conclusion without discussing the evidence of the prosecution witnesses in detail and has erroneously disposed of the matter taking into account that when prosecution witnesses have indulged in over implication then what is the credibility of prosecution witnesses qua other accused persons. It is common experience that sometimes witnesses are prone to lapse of memory and sometimes they overstate the facts but simply because the statements of the witnesses are partly not trustworthy that does not mean that the whole of the testimony of the witnesses should be discarded. P.W.1, the wife of the deceased and P.W.4, Shankar, are natural witnesses and they are close relations and they will not wrongly depose so far as the real assailants are concerned. (Para 10)
The High Court has not examined the statement of the witnesses and just on a bald statement that when the prosecution version has been accepted in full and the witnesses have tendency to over implicate, then what is the guarantee that other part is also true. The Division Bench has disbelieved the entire prosecution evidence. This approach of the High Court, is not correct. (Para 10)
Criminal courts while appreciating testimony of witnesses should not take easy approach. Some exaggeration or embellishment can appear in the testimony because of lapse of time or poor memory. Therefore, wherever courts find sufficient corroboration then testimony of such witnesses should be accepted. It is true that when the deceased was taken to the hospital, all the injuries were not mentioned by the doctors who treated him but the fact remains that in the post-mortem report, all the injuries received by the deceased have been given in detail and as such there is no reason to disbelieve that post-mortem report. It is not the case of the prosecution that the post-mortem report has not been properly prepared or there is any inconsistency in the post-mortem report. The deceased was given blow on the head by chopper and these injuries correspond with parietal and occipital regions and also injuries on various parts of the body which can be caused by iron rod and clubs and stones. Therefore, these injuries received by the deceased correspond with the version of the prosecution witnesses. (Para 10)
2. Kalyan & Ors. v. State of U.P. (JT 2001 (8) SC 200) (Para 10)
3. Wilayat Khan & Ors. v. The State of U.P (AIR 1953 SC 122) (Para 10)
1. This appeal is directed against an order of the Karnataka High Court whereby the Division Bench of the High Court has acquitted all the six accused persons by its order dated April 3,1998 passed in Criminal Appeal No.962 of 1996. Hence the present appeal has been filed against the order of acquittal of the aforesaid six accused persons.
2. Brief facts which are necessary for disposal of this appeal are that a charge-sheet was filed by Kavalande Police-Station against 17 accused persons under Sections 143, 147, 148, 341, 302 and 324 of the Indian Penal Code ( hereinafter to be referred to as “IPC”) read with Section 149, I.P.C. Allegations were that accused 1 to 17 on March 24, 1996 at about 4.00 p.m. at Mallahalli village, Nanjangud Taluk, formed an unlawful assembly with the common object to cause the death of Dasanaika, husband of P.W.1. In pursuance of such common object such assembly was formed and they were armed with deadly weapons like chopper, iron rod, clubs and stones. All the accused persons wrongfully restrained Dasanaika and murdered him intentionally causing injuries. They also caused injuries on P.W.4 by stone. It is alleged that there are rival factions in the village and the whole incident leading to lodging of F.I.R. is alleged to have taken place in the early hours of March 24, 1996 when P.W.1 Malligamma, went to the village well for fetching water. It is alleged that she had filled one pitcher and she was drawing water to fill the
next pot, at that time Jayaraju, son of Puttamadanaika – A-3, came there to fetch water for his bullocks. Jayaraju allowed the bullocks to take water from one pitcher filled by Malligamma. This was objected to by P.W.1. Thereupon, Jayaraju kicked the water pitcher and kicked P.W.1. However, with the intervention of other elderly women Karigamma, Nanjamma and Kempanaik , she was persuaded to go back to her house. In the afternoon at 2.30 p.m. when her husband came back from Nanjangud Court she narrated whole incident of the maltreatment given by Jayaraju to her and she asked him to lodge a complaint. But her husband went to his younger brother, Puttaswamy for consultation and thereafter they went to their elder brother, Ponnanaika. The houses of Puttaswamy and Ponnanaika are adjacent to each other. It is alleged that at 4.00 p.m. she heard some shouting and she saw her husband, Dasanaika was being chased by a group of 10 to 12 persons. They were all persons of other factions of the village and they were chasing her husband towards the house of Chairman-Dasanayaka. It is alleged that A-1, Papanaika was holding a chopper, A-2, Mahadevanaika @ Mahadeva @ Chikkavanu son of Govindanaika was armed with an iron rod and A-7 & A-8 were holding clubs and other accused persons had clubs or stones in their hands. When her husband, Dasanaika came near the house of Chairman-Dasanayaka, A-1 gave a blow by his chopper on the head of her husband and on other parts of the body. Similarly, A-2, Mahadevanaika beat her husband by means of an iron rod on different parts of the body and rest of the accused persons beat her husband with the clubs and stones. She ran towards her husband to rescue him and she raised her hands to ward off the blows on her husband; the blows fell on her right hand and caused injuries to her wrist. Her husband fell down and became unconscious. Meanwhile, one Shankar, P.W.4, son of Ponnanaika came running to rescue her husband but he was also beaten with stones and clubs which hit his forehead and all over his body. He fell down near the house of Ramanaika and became unconscious. A report of this incident was immediately lodged at the Police-Station and on the basis of the statement of the P.W.1, an F.I.R. was chalked out. Thereafter, Dasanaika, the injured was immediately taken to the hospital and ultimately he succumbed to his injuries. He received as many as 29 injuries on dissection of his body, 9 injuries were also found including fracture of parietal and occipital bones and fractures on the hands and feet. After necessary investigation, the police filed challan against 17 accused persons. Prosecution examined as many as 36 witnesses and got a large number of documents exhibited. The police arrested the accused persons, the chopper and iron rod were recovered at the instance of the accused persons. Out of the 36 witnesses, there are seven eye witnesses examined by the prosecution and rest of the witnesses were to the recovery of the seized articles and the medical evidence.
3. The case was ultimately committed to the Court of Session and learned II Addl. Sessions Judge, Mysore after scrutinizing all the evidence came to the conclusion that so far as the guilt of the accused, A- 1 to A-6, it is fully established and convicted and sentenced A-1 to undergo R.I. for one month under Section 341, for two years under Section 324 and imprisonment for life under Section 302 read with Section 149, I.P.C. A2 to A-6 were sentenced to undergo R.I. for one month for the offence under Section 341 I.P.C. and imprisonment for life for the offence under Section 302 read with Section 149 I.P.C.
4. Aggrieved against the said order of conviction and sentence, A-1 to A-6 preferred an appeal before High Court and the Division Bench of the High Court acquitted all the accused persons on the ground that when the witnesses were disbelieved for large number of accused persons involved, therefore, it is not trustworthy to uphold the conviction of the six accused persons on the basis of the same evidence. Hence, the learned Division Bench acquitted all the accused persons.
5. Aggrieved against the said order of acquittal dated April 3,1998 passed by the Karnataka High Court, the present appeal was filed by the State of Karnataka.
6. Learned counsel for the appellant-State submitted that in view of the consistent and reliable statement of the eye witnesses, the Division Bench of the High Court has completely gone wrong in reversing the order of conviction into an acquittal simply on the ground that the evidence of some of the witnesses were inconsistent about the alleged occurrence and moreover large number of accused persons had been acquitted by the learned trial court, therefore it is not safe to believe this evidence to uphold the conviction for remaining accused. Learned counsel for the appellant read out to us the statement of the eye witnesses and tried to persuade us that small discrepancy in the version is just but natural and relationship between the parties cannot be a ground to disbelieve all the eye witnesses. Learned counsel for the appellant also invited our attention to some of the decisions of this Court in his support which we will deal at appropriate stage.
7. As against this, learned counsel for the respondents has taken us to the statement of the witnesses and submitted that all the witnesses are either interested or inimical. He further submitted that there are two factions in the village and all the witnesses who have deposed in this case belong to other faction and they are interested witnesses because of their close relationship with the deceased. He also submitted that the houses of the accused were damaged and A-1 also received injuries which has not been explained by the prosecution. Therefore, the prosecution has not come forward with the correct version of the incident. He submitted that this was a case of free fight and not a case that the accused persons chased the deceased and waylaid him and abandoned him to die. He also invited our attention to the two medical reports, submitted by P.W.35 and P.W.19 and he invited our attention to the post-mortem report given by P.W.36. He supported the judgment of the High Court.
8. We have considered the rival submissions made by learned counsel for the parties and perused the record.
9. It is an admitted fact that the deceased was waylaid on March 24, 1996 by the accused party and in that as per the statement of P.W.1, Malligamma, the wife of the deceased, A1, A-2 , A-6 & A-7 and A8, all these persons participated in beating the deceased. In her statement, P.W.1 has deposed that on the fateful day when she protested to her husband about the maltreatment given by Jayaraju, her husband went to his younger brother’s house and at about 4.00 p.m. when he was returning from his brother’s house he was waylaid by A-1, who was holding a chopper, A-2 who was holding an iron rod and A-7 & A-8 armed with clubs and other accused persons were having clubs or stones Near the house of Chairman, Dasanayaka, A-1 gave the deceased a blow on the head. He hit her husband with chopper on the head and other parts of the body. A-2, Mahadevanaika beat her husband by iron rod on different parts of the body. She has also categorically stated that A-2, Mahadevanaika beat her husband on his left leg and left shoulder with the iron rod. She stated that she immediately rushed to the rescue of her husband and placed herself on him and tried to ward off the blows with her hand and that a blow fell on her right hand and caused injuries to her wrist. She deposed that while her husband fell down, he became unconscious and could not speak. She has further deposed that meanwhile, Ponnanaika’s son Shankar came running to her rescue and he was also beaten by clubs and stones and he fell down near the house of Ramanaika and these accused beat him with clubs and stones. She also deposed that other accused persons beat her husband who had fallen down, with clubs and stones and left the place thinking him to be dead. It is alleged that at about 7-8 p.m. police party came and they asked about the incident and she narrated them the whole incident. They reduced the same to a complaint and took her thumb impression. Thereafter, her husband and Shankar were taken to Nanjangud Hospital and there the doctor examined her husband and asked her to take him to Mysore. Thereafter, her husband was taken to K.R. Hospital, Mysore and at about 11 a.m. next morning he expired. Another injured i.e. Shankar was admitted to a different ward. She has identified the chopper and iron rod with which her husband was assaulted. She was also cross-examined at length and she was specifically confronted that she has not given all the names of the accused persons in the F.I.R. to which she has explained that she was dazed and therefore she could not furnish all the names. She has very categorically stated that A-1, Papanaika was having the chopper in his hand and A-2 was having iron rod and A-7 & A-8 were armed with clubs. She has deposed that she has given all the names of 17 persons in her complaint. Therefore, from her statement it is clear that she has categorically deposed that she has identified A-1 i.e. Papanaika and A-2, Mahadevanaika who were armed with chopper and iron rod respectively. She has also mentioned that A-7 and A-8 gave blows with the clubs. Of course later on she has tried to develop that 17 persons tried to beat her husband. May be this was her improved version but so far as the version with regard to A-1, A-2, A-7 & A-8 is concerned, there is no doubt about their participating in the incident.
10. P.W.2 Karigamma was also injured witness. His version more or less supported the version of P.W.1. She deposed that when the deceased Dasanaika was waylaid by the attacking party and A-1 hit Dasanaika on different places on head with chopper in his hand, A-2 also hit Dasanaika with iron rod and A-3 to A-6 hit Dasanaika by means of clubs and stones on his head. Other accused persons assaulted by means of stones and clubs. It is alleged that after the incident, A-1 and A-2 left their chopper and iron rod. She was also cross-examined at length and she has supported the version given out by P.W.1. P.W.4, Shankar is the nephew of the deceased. He has also supported the version given out by PWs. 1 and 2 and he has deposed that he saw A-1, Papanaika was holding a chopper, A-2 Mahadevanaika was holding an iron rod, A-3 Puttamadanaika , A-4 Chikkamadanaika @ Dore, A-6 – Mahadevanaika and A-5 Chikkakalanaika were having clubs in their hands. He deposed that A-1 gave a chopper blow on the head of his uncle and he fell down and A-2 Mahadevanaika @ Mahadeva @ Chikkavanu gave a blow with the iron rod and A-3 to A-6 gave blows by means of clubs in their hands and other accused persons assaulted with the stones. He deposed that he ran to the rescue of his uncle and at that time, Papanaika shifted the chopper to his left hand and taking a stone in his right hand threw the same towards him and it hit on the upper portion of his forehead. At the same time, other accused persons also hit him with stones which hit him on different parts of his body. Sensing the danger he tried to run from the place but he fell down near Ramanaika’s house and became unconscious. He has also identified the chopper as well as the iron rod. He has also recognized the clubs which were in possession of A-3 to A-6. P.W.5 Kempanaika has more or less supported the version given out by P.Ws.1, 2 and 4. He has deposed that A-1 was having a chopper and A-2 was having an iron rod and the remaining accused i.e. A-3 to 6 were armed with clubs and others were throwing stones. He has also supported the version that P.W.1 fell on her husband to save him and Shankar also came to rescue his uncle. But Shankar fell down and became unconscious. He has also identified the chopper and iron rod. Similar is the version of P.W.6 and P.W.7. Learned Additional Sessions Judge believed all these witnesses and after appreciating the evidence came to the conclusion that there is no inconsistency between them so far as these six accused persons are concerned. A major grievance of learned counsel for the defence was that all these witnesses belong to the other factions and they are all relations and there is litigations pending between the parties. Therefore, their testimony should be discarded as a whole. Learned counsel for the defence has also emphasized that A-1 also received injuries and the houses of other factions were damaged and lastly he faintly contended that there is also right of defence to property and he ultimately submitted that this is a case of free fight and the other part of the story has not been highlighted by the prosecution. It is true that while appreciating the evidence of the prosecution witnesses utmost care and caution has to be exercised by the trial court. This aspect was very closely examined by learned Additional Sessions Judge and therefore, he has acquitted all the remaining accused persons except these six persons, against whom he found there is no ambiguity about the version. We have also examined the evidence of all these witnesses and we are of opinion that the appreciation of evidence done by learned Additional Sessions Judge appears to be correct and the Division Bench of the High Court came to the conclusion without discussing the evidence of the prosecution witnesses in detail and has erroneously disposed of the matter taking into account that when prosecution witnesses have indulged in over implication then what is the credibility of prosecution witnesses qua other accused persons. Therefore, the High Court took an easy approach in disbelieving all prosecution witnesses. This approach of the High Court was not correct. It is common experience that sometimes witnesses are prone to lapse of memory and sometimes they overstate the facts but simply because the statements of the witnesses are partly not trustworthy that does not mean that the whole of the testimony of the witnesses should be discarded. After going through the statements of P.W.1, the wife of the deceased and P.W.4, Shankar, there cannot be any two opinion on the matter that they are natural witnesses and they are close relations and they will not wrongly depose so far as the real assailants are concerned. Therefore, learned Additional Sessions Judge after appreciating the evidence of the witnesses i.e. P.Ws.1 and 4 found that there is consistent evidence against A-1 to A-6 and he has discarded the evidence as against the other accused persons and acquitted them. The approach of learned Additional Sessions Judge appears to be correct, he scrutinized the evidence closely and he convicted these six accused persons against whom there is sufficient evidence fully corroborated by eye witnesses. He gave a benefit of doubt to others where there was conflicting evidence with regard to role played by them or their presence at the time of occurrence. He has relied on the testimony of prosecution witnesses who have fully corroborated the testimony of P.W.1 & P.W.4 by the other ocular witnesses like P.Ws.2, 3 , 5 ,6 & 7 as well as by medical evidence. Criminal courts while appreciating testimony of witnesses should not take easy approach. Some exaggeration or embellishment can appear in the testimony because of lapse of time or poor memory. Therefore, wherever courts find sufficient corroboration then testimony of such witnesses should be accepted. It is true that when the deceased was taken to the hospital, all the injuries were not mentioned by the doctors who treated him but the fact remains that in the post-mortem report, all the injuries received by the deceased have been given in detail and as such there is no reason to disbelieve that post-mortem report. It is not the case of the prosecution that the post-mortem report has not been properly prepared or there is any inconsistency in the post-mortem report. In the post-mortem report it has been mentioned that the deceased is said to have received 38 total injuries, the doctor has noted 29 external injuries and on dissection of the body of the deceased, he found 9 more injuries like fracture of the parietal and occipital bones, fracture of both corneas of hyoid bone, haematoma around the fracture side, osterior dislocation of right elbow joint, fracture of left ulna at the junction of middle and lower 1/3rd. The nature of injuries corresponds with the version given out by the prosecution witnesses. As per the statements of PWs.1 and 4, it is categorical that the deceased was given blow on the head by chopper and these injuries correspond with parietal and occipital regions and also injuries on various parts of the body which can be caused by iron rod and clubs and stones. Therefore, these injuries received by the deceased correspond with the version of the prosecution witnesses. In this connection our attention was invited to a decision of this Court in the case of Surinder Singh & Anr. v. State of U.P. 1. In the said case, Their Lordships have observed as follows:
“An order of acquittal should not be lightly interfered with. Though the appellate court has full power to review the evidence upon which the order of acquittal is founded, still while exercising such an appellate power in a case of acquittal, the appellate court should not only consider every matter on record having a bearing on the question of fact and the reasons given by the courts below in support of its order of acquittal, it must express its reasons in the judgment which led it to hold that the acquittal is not justified.
Thus, it is obligatory on the High Court while reversing an order of acquittal to consider and discuss each of the reasons given by the trial court to acquit the accused and then to dislodge those reasons. In the instant case, the High Court has discharged the aforesaid obligation as required and by careful analysis demolished each one of the fundamentally weak reasonings given by the trial court.”
This Court has further observed with regard to the related witnesses and observed as follows:
“Relationship is not a factor to affect the credibility of a witness. It is more often than not that a relation would not conceal the actual culprit and make allegations against an innocent person. Foundation has to be laid if a plea of false implication is made. In such cases, the court has to adopt a careful approach and analyse the evidence to find out whether it is cogent and credible. Hence, the ground that the witness being a close relative and consequently being a partisan witness, should not be relied upon, has no substance.”
On medical evidence also their Lordships observed that when there is inconsistency between the ocular testimony and medical evidence, then the ocular evidence should not be discarded unless it is found that the medical evidence totally improbabilises the ocular evidence. Similarly, our attention was invited to a decision of this Court in the case of Kalyan & Ors. v. State of U.P.1 wherein it has been observed as follows:
” The settled position of law on the powers to be exercised by the High Court in an appeal against an order of acquittal is that though the High Court has full powers to review the evidence upon which an order of acquittal is passed, the principle of presumption of innocence of the accused persons is also equally well settled. Normally the views of the trial court, as to the credibility of the witnesses, must be given proper weight and consideration because the trial court is supposed to have watched the demeanour and conduct of the witnesses and is in a better position to appreciate their testimony. The High Court should be slow in disturbing a finding of fact arrived at by the trial court.”
Similarly, our attention was invited to another decision of this Court in the case of Wilayat Khan & Ors. v. The State of
U.P.2. In that case, it has been observed as follows:
” Even in appeals against acquittals, the powers of the High Court are as wide as in appeals from conviction. But there are two points to be borne in mind in this connection. One is that in an appeal from an acquittal, the presumption of innocence of the accused continues right up to the end; the second is that great weight should be attached to the view taken by the Sessions Judge before whom the trial was held and who had the opportunity of seeing and hearing the witnesses.”
Therefore, from the ratio of the above decisions it is more than clear that while the High Court has full power to interfere with the finding of the trial court but the High Court should be very slow in reversing the decision of the trial court because the trial court has the occasion to watch the demeanour of the witnesses very closely. There is no two opinion that the High Court has full power to re-appreciate the evidence and come to a conclusion independently but the conclusion which is arrived at by the High Court should be rational and proper appreciation of the testimony of the witnesses. In the present case, the High Court has not examined the statement of the witnesses and just on a bald statement that when the prosecution version has been accepted in full and the witnesses have tendency to over implicate, then what is the guarantee that other part is also true. The Division Bench has disbelieved the entire prosecution evidence. This approach of the High Court, in our view, is not correct. There should be proper appreciation of evidence and finding has to be recorded against each witness as to why the said witness is not being believed when he was believed by the trial court. On the contrary, we have closely examined the evidence of the witnesses and after taking chaff from the grain we found that so far as the statement of P.W.1, the wife of the deceased and P.W.4, Shankar, the nephew of the deceased, their testimony is trustworthy and there is no reason to disbelieve these two witnesses leave apart other eye witnesses. These two witnesses who were injured witnesses as they were examined by the doctors and P.W.4, Shankar who received such serious injuries that he became unconscious, therefore, the testimony of these two witnesses is wholly reliable so far as these accused persons are concerned and they have been corroborated by other eye witnesses i.e. P.Ws. 5, 6 and 7 and they have been supported by the medical evidence also. We are of the view that the testimony of these witnesses fully substantiate the prosecution case.
11. Now, coming to the question that the houses of the accused persons were damaged and A-1 was also injured, these two factors which have been pressed in to service by learned counsel for the defence would be of no avail. When such an incident took place and the accused persons were assaulting the deceased and P.W.1 and P.W.4 came to rescue the deceased, in that some injuries might have been received by A-1. That does not negate the prosecution case, the injury on the person of A-1 cannot improbabilise the whole of the prosecution case. Some damage to the house of accused does not cast any shadow of doubt on prosecution story.
12. As a result of the above discussion, we allow the State appeal, set aside the order passed by the High Court in criminal appeal No.962 of 1996 on April 3, 1998, acquitting the accused and affirm the conviction and sentence passed by the IInd Additional Sessions Judge, Mysore in S.C.No.46/1986. The accused persons who are on bail, their bail bonds are cancelled and they shall surrender before the trial court to serve out the remaining sentence within one month. In case they fail to do so, the Superintendent of Police shall arrest them and send them to jail to serve out the sentence.
