State of Haryana Vs. Rajmal & another
Email[Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 372/2011]
[Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 372/2011]
Punjab Prohibition of Cow Slaughter Act, 1955
Section 8 – Caw slaughtering – On receiving secret information, house of accused raided by Head Constable PW.-3, I.O. along with Head Constable PW.-2 – On seeing Police, both accused fled away in the dark – FIR registered – Accused arrested – PW.-3 and PW-2 were eye-witnesses and they supported prosecution’s case – Categorical statement by PW3 that accused were known to him from before as he had apprehended them in another case – Said statement not challenged in cross-examination – No suggestion of false implication or prior animosity made – No evidence led by accused – Prosecution’s case found cogent by courts below – In revision, High Court set aside the order of conviction – One of the grounds was that accused persons were not identified and independent local witnesses were absent. Held, High Court’s reasoning is against evidence on record. No reason given for upsetting the concurrent finding of courts below about the identification of the accused.
Section 8 – Cow slaughter – Illegal search – Effect of – On basis of secret information, house of accused raided by police party – 70 kgs of fresh beef, skin of cow, axe, two blood-stained daggers and four weak and infirm cows recovered and seized – Conviction by Trial Court and sentence of one year’s RI upheld by Additional Sessions Judge – Reversal by High Court – Interference on issue of legality of search procedure – Justification. Held, courts below rightly proceeded on the basis of material seized as an illegal search does not vitiate seizure of the article and court is only required to exercise caution. (Paras 14 to 16)
Section 2(e) – Expression ‘slaughter’ – Definition. Stated. (Para 20)
Sections 3 and 4 – Constitution of India, 1950, Article 48 of Directive Principle of State Policy – Caw slaughter – House of accused raided by Head Constable PW.-3, I.O. along with Head Constable PW.-2 – On seeing Police, both accused fled away – 70 kgs of beef, cow skin, axe, two blood-stained daggers and four weak and infirm cows recovered – Accused convicted and sentenced to 1 year’s RI – Decision affirmed by Additional Sessions Judge but reversed by High Court – One of the grounds was that it was not proved that the accused persons were in the exclusive possession and conscious possession of the house – Conjoint reading of Section 3 and Section 4 shows that a person contravening Section 3 cannot plead that the slaughtering was being done at a place, of which he is not the owner or of which he does not have conscious possession. Hence, High Court’s finding is de-hors the Act and is legally unsustainable. Further, case of accused persons is not covered by exceptions under Section 4 and no such plea was ever taken.
Revisional Jurisdiction – Exercise of, by High Court – Scope of. Case law discussed. (Paras 11 & 12)
The Trial Court has found that there is cogent evidence on record to show that both the accused persons were known to the witnesses from before and they ran away, by scaling the wall, after seeing the police party. The Trial Court also recorded a finding of fact that accused persons have not made out any case of animosity of the official witnesses against them. (Para 7)
P.W.-3/ Investigating Officer has clearly stated that he knew the accused persons because he had apprehended them in another case and the said statement of the P.W.-3 was not challenged in cross-examination. Nor has the accused persons ever questioned that the witnesses knew them prior to the date of the occurrence. The appellate forum also recorded that accused persons have not suggested that they were falsely implicated in the case. (Para 8)
In view of this admitted factual position, this Court cannot accept the reasoning of the High Court in its revisional jurisdiction whereby the High Court found that in the absence of independent local witness the prosecution case is not worthy of credence. The factual conclusion of the High Court is contrary to the evidence on record. (Para 9)
If we read Section 3 and Section 4 together, it is clear that the person contravening Section 3 cannot put up a defense that the act of slaughter was being done in a place, of which he is not the owner or in respect of which he does not have the conscious possession. Slaughter of Cows, subject to exceptions under Section 4, in any place, is prohibited under Section 3. (Para 21)
The High Court’s finding that the guilt of the accused persons has not been proved in the absence of proof of their ownership or conscious possession of the house where slaughter took place, is a finding which is de-hors the said Act and is clearly not legally sustainable. Slaughter of the Cows is clearly prohibited under Section 3, subject to the exceptions in Section 4. The case of the accused persons is not covered under the exceptions in Section 4. No such defense was ever taken. (Para 22)
2. Amar Chand Agarwala v. Shanti Bose and another [AIR 1973 SC 799] (Para 12)
3. Radha Kishan v. State of Uttar Pradesh [AIR 1963 SC 822] (Para 15)
1. Leave granted.
2. This Criminal Appeal is directed against the judgment and order dated 20.04.2010 of the High Court of Punjab and Haryana in Criminal Revision No.669/2000, whereby the High Court acquitted the respondents-accused persons (hereinafter ‘the accused persons’) from all the charges levelled against them under Section 8 of the Punjab Prohibition of Cow Slaughter Act, 1955 (hereinafter ‘the Act’). By this impugned order, the judgment and order passed by the Sub- Divisional Judicial Magistrate, Ferozepur and the appellate order passed by the Addl. Sessions Judge, Gurgaon were set-aside by the High Court in revision.
3. The accused persons were convicted under Section 8 of the Act and sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of one year by the Court of Sub-Divisional Judicial Magistrate, Ferozepur vide judgment dated 14.09.1998 in Crl. Case No.23/96. On Appeal, this order of conviction and sentence was confirmed and upheld by the Additional Sessions Judge, Gurgaon vide order dated 01.06.2000 in Criminal Appeal No.20/98.
4. The facts and circumstances, which are relevant, are as under:
a) According to the prosecution, on 01.01.1996 Head Constable Satyabir/p.w.-3 (hereinafter ‘the Investigating Officer’) received a secret information that the accused persons were slaughtering cows in their house and if any raid was conducted, the accused persons could be caught red-handed. Consequently the investigating officer along with Head Constable Bir Singh/p.w.-2 formed a raiding party and raided the house of the accused persons.
b) On seeing the Police party, both the accused persons by scaling the wall, fled away from their house by taking advantage of the darkness.
c) However the investigating officer found 70 kgs of fresh beef, one skin of cow, one axe, two blood stained daggers and four weak and infirm cows. Those were seized and taken into custody vide recovery memo. Thereafter ruqa was sent to the police station, on the basis of which FIR was registered and the case was investigated.
d) Thereafter the accused persons were arrested and charged under Section 8 of the said Act.
e) At the Trial, P.W.-3/ Investigating officer and P.W.-2/Bir Singh, who were eye-witnesses, supported the case of prosecution and categorically deposed that accused were known to them from before and on seeing the police party, they ran away from the place by scaling the wall.
f) The accused persons did not lead any evidence in their defence.
g) After the appreciation of evidence, vide judgment-dated 14.09.1998 the Trial Court convicted the accused persons under Section 8 of the said Act and sentenced each of them to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of one year.
h) The accused persons challenged the aforesaid conviction and sentence, by filing an appeal before the Additional Sessions Judge, being Criminal Appeal no. 20 of 1998.
i) By an order-dated 01.06.2000 the Additional Sessions Judge, after a re-appreciation of evidence, confirmed the order of conviction and sentence passed by the Trial Court.
j) Against that order, the accused persons preferred a revision before the High Court.
k) By impugned order-dated 20.04.2010 the High Court allowed the revision and set aside the order of conviction of the accused persons.
5. The High Court in its revisional jurisdiction while reversing the concurrent finding of the Courts below indicated the following reasons:
I. No independent witness from the locality was present at the time of conducting raid.
II. No evidence has been led to prove that the accused persons were the owners of the house.
III. It has also not been established that the accused persons were in the exclusive possession of the house and as such they cannot be said to be in conscious possession of the house.
IV. The accused persons were not identified and it is the prosecution case that the accused persons fled away by scaling the wall and by taking advantage of the darkness.
6. We are not satisfied with the reasoning of the High Court, as none of the grounds put forward by the High Court in the impugned judgment is sustainable. If we take up the last ground first, it is clear that the aforesaid conclusion of the High Court, being a conclusion on pure questions of fact, is against the evidence on record.
7. The Trial Court has found that there is cogent evidence on record to show that both the accused persons were known to the witnesses from before and they ran away, by scaling the wall, after seeing the police party. The Trial Court also recorded a finding of fact that accused persons have not made out any case of animosity of the official witnesses against them.
8. In the appellate forum, the Sessions Judge has also recorded that P.W.-3/ Investigating Officer has clearly stated that he knew the accused persons because he had apprehended them in another case and the said statement of the P.W.-3 was not challenged in cross-examination. Nor has the accused persons ever questioned that the witnesses knew them prior to the date of the occurrence. The appellate forum also recorded that accused persons have not suggested that they were falsely implicated in the case.
9. In view of this admitted factual position, this Court cannot accept the reasoning of the High Court in its revisional jurisdiction whereby the High Court found that in the absence of independent local witness the prosecution case is not worthy of credence. The factual conclusion of the High Court is contrary to the evidence on record.
10. In this connection, it may be noted that in upsetting the concurrent finding of the courts below, about the identification of the accused persons, the High Court has not given any reason.
11. In State of A.P. v. Pituhuk Sreeinvanasa Rao [2000 (9) SCC 537] this Court held that the exercise of the revisional jurisdiction of the High Court in upsetting concurrent finding of the facts cannot be accepted when it was without any reference, to the evidence on record or to the finding entered by the trial court and appellate court regarding the evidence in view of the fact that revisional jurisdiction is basically supervisory in nature.
12. It has been also held by this Court in Amar Chand Agarwala v. Shanti Bose and another [AIR 1973 SC 799] that the revisional jurisdiction of the High Court under Section 439 Cr.P.C. is to be exercised, only in an exceptional case, when there is a glaring defect in the procedure or there is a manifest error on a point of law resulting in a flagrant miscarriage of justice. [para 20, page 804 of the report]
13. Going by the aforesaid principles, it cannot be held that the interference by the High Court on the question of identification of the accused persons in facts of the case is either proper or legally sustainable.
14. Now let us examine the first question on which the High Court has interfered, namely the legality of the search procedure.
15. A three-Judge Bench of this Court in the case of Radha Kishan v. State of Uttar Pradesh [AIR 1963 SC 822] while construing similar provision in the Cr.P.C. of 1898 held that an illegal search does not vitiate the seizure of the article. The only requirement of law in such cases is that the Court has to examine carefully the evidence regarding the seizure. But beyond this no further consequences ensues. (para 4, page 824 of the report)
16. This principle is being consistently followed by this Court and by different High Courts since then. Herein if we follow the aforesaid principle, we do not discern any error committed by the Courts below by proceeding on the material collected, as a result of the seizure of materials.
17. The other two points on which the High Court chose to interfere, namely the ownership of the house or the conscious possession of the house as a valid requisite before the accused persons could be held guilty under Section 8 of the said Act, is clearly based on a misreading of the clear provision of the Act.
18. The said Act, which has been enacted to give effect to the provisions of Article 48 of Directive Principle of State Policy and which is still in force, prohibits cow slaughter in Section 3 thereof in following terms-
‘3. Prohibition of cow slaughter – Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force or any usage or custom to the contrary, no person shall slaughter or cause to be slaughtered or offer or cause to be offered for slaughter any cow in any place in Punjab:
Provided that killing of a cow by accident or in self defence will not be considered as slaughter under the Act.’
19. Under Section 4 there are certain exceptions to section 3. Those exceptions are as under:
‘4. Exceptions. – (1) Nothing in section 3 shall apply to the slaughter of a cow –
(a) whose suffering is such as to render its destruction desirable according to the certificate of the Veterinary Officer of the area or such other Officer of the Animal Husbandry Department as may be prescribed; or
(b) which is suffering from any contagious or infectious disease notified as such by the Government; or
(c) which is subject to experimentation in the interest of medical and public health research by a certified medical practitioner of the Animal Husbandry Department.
(2) Where it is intended to slaughter a cow for the reasons specified in clause (a) or clause (b) of sub-section (1) it shall be incumbent for a person doing so to obtain a prior permission in writing of the Veterinary Officer of the area or such other Officer of the Animal Husbandry Department as may be prescribed.’
20. The expression ‘slaughter’ is defined in Section 2(e) of the Act, which is as follows:
‘2(e) – ‘slaughter’ means killing by any method whatsoever and includes maiming and inflicting of physical injury which in the ordinary course will cause death.’
21. If we read Section 3 and Section 4 together, it is clear that the person contravening Section 3 cannot put up a defense that the act of slaughter was being done in a place, of which he is not the owner or in respect of which he does not have the conscious possession. Slaughter of Cows, subject to exceptions under Section 4, in any place, is prohibited under Section 3 and penalty for doing so is provided under Section 8.
22. The High Court’s finding that the guilt of the accused persons has not been proved in the absence of proof of their ownership or conscious possession of the house where slaughter took place, is a finding which is de-hors the said Act and is clearly not legally sustainable. Slaughter of the Cows is clearly prohibited under Section 3, subject to the exceptions in Section 4. The case of the accused persons is not covered under the exceptions in Section 4. No such defense was ever taken.
23. Therefore the impugned order of the High Court is, with respect, legally not sustainable. We therefore are unable to accept the reasons of the High Court. The appeal is allowed. The order of the High Court is set-aside and that of the learned Sessions Judge is affirmed.
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