Shri V.J. Thomas Vs. Shri Pathrose Abraham and Ors.
EmailAppeal: Civil Appeal No. 989 of 2008
[Arising out of SLP (C) No. 20338 of 2005]
[From the final Judgment/Order dated 30.6.2005 of the High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam in C.R.P. No. 272 of 2004]
[Arising out of SLP (C) No. 20338 of 2005]
[From the final Judgment/Order dated 30.6.2005 of the High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam in C.R.P. No. 272 of 2004]
Petitioner: Shri V.J. Thomas
Respondent: Shri Pathrose Abraham and Ors.
Apeal: Civil Appeal No. 989 of 2008
[Arising out of SLP (C) No. 20338 of 2005]
[From the final Judgment/Order dated 30.6.2005 of the High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam in C.R.P. No. 272 of 2004]
[Arising out of SLP (C) No. 20338 of 2005]
[From the final Judgment/Order dated 30.6.2005 of the High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam in C.R.P. No. 272 of 2004]
Judges: S.B. Sinha & Harjit Singh Bedi, JJ.
Date of Judgment: Feb 05, 2008
Appearances:
Mr. V.J. Francis, Mr. P.I. Jose and Mr. Anupam Mishra, Advocates for the Appellant.
Mr. M.T. George, Advocate for the Respondents.
Mr. M.T. George, Advocate for the Respondents.
Head Note:
Civil Law
Civil Procedure Code, 1908
Order I, Rules 8, 10 – Representative suit – Suit for declaration of title and possession – Prayer also to restrain three defendants from interfering in enjoyment of property or using the same as pathway as if it was public pathway – Publication in newspaper – None appeared – Suit decreed in 1998 – In 2002, two persons other than defendants approached the court – Sought permission to become party – Whether they be permitted to become parties. Held that they can become party. Orders allowing them to be made party not interfered.
Civil Procedure Code, 1908
Order I, Rules 8, 10 – Representative suit – Suit for declaration of title and possession – Prayer also to restrain three defendants from interfering in enjoyment of property or using the same as pathway as if it was public pathway – Publication in newspaper – None appeared – Suit decreed in 1998 – In 2002, two persons other than defendants approached the court – Sought permission to become party – Whether they be permitted to become parties. Held that they can become party. Orders allowing them to be made party not interfered.
Held:
A suit filed in terms of Order 1 Rule 8 should ordinarily be premised on the ground that the defendants represent the parties interested in the suit Defendants in such a suit, although, must be able to represent the public in general, but no personal decree can be passed against them. To what extent the original defendants were interested in the suit property at least in respect of the portion thereof is not known. (Para 13)
A litigant may execute a decree which was obtained for the benefit of the people of the locality but if he intends to execute a decree which was obtained for his own benefit, those who would be affected thereby should ordinarily be made parties to the suit. Similarly, if a village pathway is the subject matter of the suit on the premise that it is the personal property of the plaintiff, those who use the said pathway or at least have lands adjacent thereto should ordinarily be impleaded as parties. In the latter case, like the present one, applying the legal principles, as noticed hereinbefore, a decree which has been obtained by suppression of fact or collusively would not be executable against those who were not parties to the suit. (Para 14)
The executing court has allowed the applications for impleadment of the respondent Nos. 1 and 3 herein as defendant No. 4 and 5, so as to enable them to press their applications for setting aside the ex-parte decree upon condonation of delay; we do not see any reason to interfere therewith in exercise of our discretionary jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution of India. (Para 18)
A litigant may execute a decree which was obtained for the benefit of the people of the locality but if he intends to execute a decree which was obtained for his own benefit, those who would be affected thereby should ordinarily be made parties to the suit. Similarly, if a village pathway is the subject matter of the suit on the premise that it is the personal property of the plaintiff, those who use the said pathway or at least have lands adjacent thereto should ordinarily be impleaded as parties. In the latter case, like the present one, applying the legal principles, as noticed hereinbefore, a decree which has been obtained by suppression of fact or collusively would not be executable against those who were not parties to the suit. (Para 14)
The executing court has allowed the applications for impleadment of the respondent Nos. 1 and 3 herein as defendant No. 4 and 5, so as to enable them to press their applications for setting aside the ex-parte decree upon condonation of delay; we do not see any reason to interfere therewith in exercise of our discretionary jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution of India. (Para 18)
Cases Reffered:
1. Church of North India v. Lavajibhai Ratanjibhai and Ors. [JT 2005 (5) SC 202] (Para 17)
2. Union of India and Ors. v. Dinanath Shantaram Karekar and Ors. [JT 1998 (6) SC 1] (Para 17)
3. Chairman, Tamil Nadu Housing Board, Madras v. T.N. Ganapathy [JT 1990 (1) SC 172] (Para 15)
4. Swaminatha Mudaliar v. Kumaraswami Chettiar and others [1923 (44) MLJ 282] (Para 11)
2. Union of India and Ors. v. Dinanath Shantaram Karekar and Ors. [JT 1998 (6) SC 1] (Para 17)
3. Chairman, Tamil Nadu Housing Board, Madras v. T.N. Ganapathy [JT 1990 (1) SC 172] (Para 15)
4. Swaminatha Mudaliar v. Kumaraswami Chettiar and others [1923 (44) MLJ 282] (Para 11)
JUDGEMENT:
S.B. Sinha, J.
1. Leave granted.
2. A question of some importance as to whether a third party can be impleaded in a suit filed under Order I Rule 8 of the Code of Civil Procedure is involved in this appeal which arises out of the judgment and order dated 30th June, 2005 passed by a Learned Single Judge of the Kerala High Court in CRP No. 272 of 2004 dismissing the revision application filed by the appellant herein challenging the order dated 17.10.2003 passed by Additional sub Court, Kottayam.
3. The basic fact of the matter is not in dispute.
4. Appellant herein filed Original Suit No. 364 of 1997 in the Court of Additional Sub Court, Kottayam, for declaration of his title and for possession of the suit property. A prayer therein was made for restraining the defendants who were three in number (Respondent Nos. 3 to 5 herein) from interfering with his right to enjoy the property by entering upon it or using it as a pathway as if it was a public pathway. A purported publication was also made in a newspaper purported to be in terms of Order I Rule 10 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
5. Respondent Nos. 3 to 5 herein did not appear in the suit as a result whereof, an ex-parte decree was passed on 26.3.1998. An application for execution of the said decree was filed. Respondent Nos. 1 and 2 herein in the said execution case filed five applications, the details whereof are as under:
I.A.No.965/2002- Under Order 9 Rule 13, for setting aside the ex-parte decree.
I.A.No.966/2002- For Condonation of Delay
I.A.No.967/2002- Application for Stay of all the proceedings in the execution.
I.A.No.968/2002- Application filed by the respondent no.1 for permission to contest the suit and to add himself in the array of parties as additional defendant No.1.
I.A.No.969/2002- Application filed by respondent No.2 for permission to contest the suit and for making her as additional defendant No.5.
6. The Executing Court allowed I.A No. 968 of 2002 and 969 of 2002 impleading respondent Nos. 1 and 2 as defendant No. 5 and 7 in the suit. The Revision Application filed thereagainst has been dismissed by a Single Judge of the High Court by reason of the impugned judgment.
7. Mr. V.J. Francis, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant, submitted that a suit, wherein notice under Order I Rule 8 of Code of Civil Procedure has been issued, could not have been reopened at the instance of the respondent Nos.1 and 2 herein without allowing their application for condonation of delay and for setting aside the ex parte decree. It was urged that no case has been made out for condonation of delay as the applications for setting aside the ex parte decree was filed after more than four years from the passing thereof.
Respondent Nos. 1 and 2, in any event, it was contended, could not have represented the panchayat and, thus, the impugned order is unsustainable.
8. Mr. M.T. George, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respondent, however, would support the impugned judgment.
9. The suit land measuring 450 ft. x 4 ft. starts from Vattachalpady junction of Manarcadu-Thengana PWD road and ends at Kuttiyilpadyperumpanachi Panchayat road on the east.
Respondent Nos. 1 and 2 were not parties to the suit. They, in their applications, inter alia, contended that the appellant and the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 herein are neighbours and close associates. The suit was a collusive one. Leave of the Court under Order 1 Rule 8 was obtained on a misrepresentation.
10. A specific contention was also raised that plaintiff-petitioner deliberately and intentionally had not impleaded the users of the pathway in the said suit. It was stated that publication of the notice purported to be under Order 1 Rule 8 CPC was made is the newspapers which did not have wide circulation in the locality.
11. The High Court has, inter alia, relying upon the decision of the Madras High Court in Swaminatha Mudaliar v. Kumaraswami Chettiar and others [1923 (44) MLJ 282] accepted the said contentions of the respondent, holding :
‘It may be unusual to bring fresh plaintiffs on the record after a decree has been passed; but there is authority for doing so under Order I Rule 10.
Order 1 Rule 8 expressly permits any person on whose behalf a representative suit is instituted to apply to the Court to be brought on the record, and the words of this rule are not limited, as they are by Order 1 Rule 10 by the purpose being expressed as that of adjudication on the questions arising in the suit. ‘
12. The plaint is not before us. The application purported to have been filed by the applicant under Order 1 Rule 8 is also not before us. On what basis, the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 were impleaded in the suit and in which capacity, thus, is not known.
13. A suit filed in terms of Order 1 Rule 8 should ordinarily be premised on the ground that the defendants represent the parties interested in the suit Defendants in such a suit, although, must be able to represent the public in general, but no personal decree can be passed against them. To what extent the original defendants were interested in the suit property at least in respect of the portion thereof is not known.
14. A litigant may execute a decree which was obtained for the benefit of the people of the locality but if he intends to execute a decree which was obtained for his own benefit, those who would be affected thereby should ordinarily be made parties to the suit. Similarly, if a village pathway is the subject matter of the suit on the premise that it is the personal property of the plaintiff, those who use the said pathway or at least have lands adjacent thereto should ordinarily be impleaded as parties. In the latter case, like the present one, applying the legal principles, as noticed hereinbefore, we are of the opinion that a decree which has been obtained by suppression of fact or collusively would not be executable against those who were not parties to the suit.
15. Reliance has been placed by Mr. Francis on Chairman, Tamil Nadu Housing Board, Madras v. T.N. Ganapathy [JT 1990 (1) SC 172 ; 1990 (1) SCC 608] wherein the question which arose for consideration centered around the maintainability of the suit at the instance of the plaintiffs who belonged to the category of low income group against Housing Board for a permanent injunction from demanding and calculating from the allottees any additional price, was answered in the following terms :
‘Coming to the relevant circumstances in the present case, it will be seen that all the allotments in Ashok Nagar were made under the same scheme and all the relevant facts are common. The basis of the impugned demand of the appellant is equally applicable to all the allottees and the plea of the plaintiff is available to all of them. The trial court was, therefore, perfectly right in permitting the plaintiff to proceed under Order I, Rule 8 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Nobody in this situation can complain of any inconvenience or injustice. On the other hand, the appellant is being saved from being involved in unnecessary repeated litigation.’
16. As indicated hereinbefore, we have no idea as to what was the nature of interest was claimed by the Original Defendant No. 1 to 3 (Respondent Nos. 3 to 5) in the suit land. In any event, whether the service of notice was proper would also be the subject matter of an enquiry by the learned trial court. It has also to be seen as to whether the notice in terms of Order I Rule 10 of the Code was published in a newspaper having a wide circulation in the locality.
17. In Union of India and Ors. v. Dinanath Shantaram Karekar and Ors. [JT 1998 (6) SC 1], this Court held :
‘So far as the service of show cause notice is concerned, it also cannot be treated to have been served. Service of this notice was sought to be effected on the respondent by publication in a newspaper without making any earlier effort to serve him personally by tendering the show cause notice either through the office peon or by registered post. There is nothing on record to indicate that the newspaper in which the show-cause notice was published was a popular newspaper which was expected to be read by the public in general or that it had wide circulation in the area or locality where the respondent lived. The show-cause notice cannot, therefore, in these circumstances, be held to have been served on the respondent. In any case, since the very initiation of the disciplinary proceedings was bad for the reason that the charge sheet was not served, all subsequent steps and stages, including the issuance of the show-cause notice would be bad.’
In Church of North India v. Lavajibhai Ratanjibhai and Ors. [JT 2005 (5) SC 202 ; 2005 (10) SCC 760], it was observed
’71. …… bars a suit to enforce a right on behalf of a public trust. C.N.I. got itself registered as a public trust in the year 1981. A suit evidently was filed by the plaintiffs in the year 1980 because C.N.I. was not then entitled to file a suit. It may be true that the suit was filed under Order 1, Rule 8 of the Code of Civil Procedure but therein the question as to whether the Appellant herein, being a registered trust became entitled to the properties of Brethren Church could not have been gone into. What is prohibited is to enforce a right on behalf of a public trust. When the plaintiffs intended to enforce a right on behalf of the Appellant, the suit was evidently not maintainable.’
18. If for the purpose of examination of the said question, amongst others, the executing court has allowed the applications for impleadment of the respondent Nos. 1 and 3 herein as defendant No. 4 and 5, so as to enable them to press their applications for setting aside the ex-parte decree upon condonation of delay; we do not see any reason to interfere therewith in exercise of our discretionary jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution of India.
19. For the reasons above mentioned, there is no merit in this application which is accordingly dismissed with costs. Counsel’s fee assessed at Rs.10,000/- (Rupees ten thousand only).
1. Leave granted.
2. A question of some importance as to whether a third party can be impleaded in a suit filed under Order I Rule 8 of the Code of Civil Procedure is involved in this appeal which arises out of the judgment and order dated 30th June, 2005 passed by a Learned Single Judge of the Kerala High Court in CRP No. 272 of 2004 dismissing the revision application filed by the appellant herein challenging the order dated 17.10.2003 passed by Additional sub Court, Kottayam.
3. The basic fact of the matter is not in dispute.
4. Appellant herein filed Original Suit No. 364 of 1997 in the Court of Additional Sub Court, Kottayam, for declaration of his title and for possession of the suit property. A prayer therein was made for restraining the defendants who were three in number (Respondent Nos. 3 to 5 herein) from interfering with his right to enjoy the property by entering upon it or using it as a pathway as if it was a public pathway. A purported publication was also made in a newspaper purported to be in terms of Order I Rule 10 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
5. Respondent Nos. 3 to 5 herein did not appear in the suit as a result whereof, an ex-parte decree was passed on 26.3.1998. An application for execution of the said decree was filed. Respondent Nos. 1 and 2 herein in the said execution case filed five applications, the details whereof are as under:
I.A.No.965/2002- Under Order 9 Rule 13, for setting aside the ex-parte decree.
I.A.No.966/2002- For Condonation of Delay
I.A.No.967/2002- Application for Stay of all the proceedings in the execution.
I.A.No.968/2002- Application filed by the respondent no.1 for permission to contest the suit and to add himself in the array of parties as additional defendant No.1.
I.A.No.969/2002- Application filed by respondent No.2 for permission to contest the suit and for making her as additional defendant No.5.
6. The Executing Court allowed I.A No. 968 of 2002 and 969 of 2002 impleading respondent Nos. 1 and 2 as defendant No. 5 and 7 in the suit. The Revision Application filed thereagainst has been dismissed by a Single Judge of the High Court by reason of the impugned judgment.
7. Mr. V.J. Francis, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant, submitted that a suit, wherein notice under Order I Rule 8 of Code of Civil Procedure has been issued, could not have been reopened at the instance of the respondent Nos.1 and 2 herein without allowing their application for condonation of delay and for setting aside the ex parte decree. It was urged that no case has been made out for condonation of delay as the applications for setting aside the ex parte decree was filed after more than four years from the passing thereof.
Respondent Nos. 1 and 2, in any event, it was contended, could not have represented the panchayat and, thus, the impugned order is unsustainable.
8. Mr. M.T. George, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respondent, however, would support the impugned judgment.
9. The suit land measuring 450 ft. x 4 ft. starts from Vattachalpady junction of Manarcadu-Thengana PWD road and ends at Kuttiyilpadyperumpanachi Panchayat road on the east.
Respondent Nos. 1 and 2 were not parties to the suit. They, in their applications, inter alia, contended that the appellant and the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 herein are neighbours and close associates. The suit was a collusive one. Leave of the Court under Order 1 Rule 8 was obtained on a misrepresentation.
10. A specific contention was also raised that plaintiff-petitioner deliberately and intentionally had not impleaded the users of the pathway in the said suit. It was stated that publication of the notice purported to be under Order 1 Rule 8 CPC was made is the newspapers which did not have wide circulation in the locality.
11. The High Court has, inter alia, relying upon the decision of the Madras High Court in Swaminatha Mudaliar v. Kumaraswami Chettiar and others [1923 (44) MLJ 282] accepted the said contentions of the respondent, holding :
‘It may be unusual to bring fresh plaintiffs on the record after a decree has been passed; but there is authority for doing so under Order I Rule 10.
Order 1 Rule 8 expressly permits any person on whose behalf a representative suit is instituted to apply to the Court to be brought on the record, and the words of this rule are not limited, as they are by Order 1 Rule 10 by the purpose being expressed as that of adjudication on the questions arising in the suit. ‘
12. The plaint is not before us. The application purported to have been filed by the applicant under Order 1 Rule 8 is also not before us. On what basis, the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 were impleaded in the suit and in which capacity, thus, is not known.
13. A suit filed in terms of Order 1 Rule 8 should ordinarily be premised on the ground that the defendants represent the parties interested in the suit Defendants in such a suit, although, must be able to represent the public in general, but no personal decree can be passed against them. To what extent the original defendants were interested in the suit property at least in respect of the portion thereof is not known.
14. A litigant may execute a decree which was obtained for the benefit of the people of the locality but if he intends to execute a decree which was obtained for his own benefit, those who would be affected thereby should ordinarily be made parties to the suit. Similarly, if a village pathway is the subject matter of the suit on the premise that it is the personal property of the plaintiff, those who use the said pathway or at least have lands adjacent thereto should ordinarily be impleaded as parties. In the latter case, like the present one, applying the legal principles, as noticed hereinbefore, we are of the opinion that a decree which has been obtained by suppression of fact or collusively would not be executable against those who were not parties to the suit.
15. Reliance has been placed by Mr. Francis on Chairman, Tamil Nadu Housing Board, Madras v. T.N. Ganapathy [JT 1990 (1) SC 172 ; 1990 (1) SCC 608] wherein the question which arose for consideration centered around the maintainability of the suit at the instance of the plaintiffs who belonged to the category of low income group against Housing Board for a permanent injunction from demanding and calculating from the allottees any additional price, was answered in the following terms :
‘Coming to the relevant circumstances in the present case, it will be seen that all the allotments in Ashok Nagar were made under the same scheme and all the relevant facts are common. The basis of the impugned demand of the appellant is equally applicable to all the allottees and the plea of the plaintiff is available to all of them. The trial court was, therefore, perfectly right in permitting the plaintiff to proceed under Order I, Rule 8 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Nobody in this situation can complain of any inconvenience or injustice. On the other hand, the appellant is being saved from being involved in unnecessary repeated litigation.’
16. As indicated hereinbefore, we have no idea as to what was the nature of interest was claimed by the Original Defendant No. 1 to 3 (Respondent Nos. 3 to 5) in the suit land. In any event, whether the service of notice was proper would also be the subject matter of an enquiry by the learned trial court. It has also to be seen as to whether the notice in terms of Order I Rule 10 of the Code was published in a newspaper having a wide circulation in the locality.
17. In Union of India and Ors. v. Dinanath Shantaram Karekar and Ors. [JT 1998 (6) SC 1], this Court held :
‘So far as the service of show cause notice is concerned, it also cannot be treated to have been served. Service of this notice was sought to be effected on the respondent by publication in a newspaper without making any earlier effort to serve him personally by tendering the show cause notice either through the office peon or by registered post. There is nothing on record to indicate that the newspaper in which the show-cause notice was published was a popular newspaper which was expected to be read by the public in general or that it had wide circulation in the area or locality where the respondent lived. The show-cause notice cannot, therefore, in these circumstances, be held to have been served on the respondent. In any case, since the very initiation of the disciplinary proceedings was bad for the reason that the charge sheet was not served, all subsequent steps and stages, including the issuance of the show-cause notice would be bad.’
In Church of North India v. Lavajibhai Ratanjibhai and Ors. [JT 2005 (5) SC 202 ; 2005 (10) SCC 760], it was observed
’71. …… bars a suit to enforce a right on behalf of a public trust. C.N.I. got itself registered as a public trust in the year 1981. A suit evidently was filed by the plaintiffs in the year 1980 because C.N.I. was not then entitled to file a suit. It may be true that the suit was filed under Order 1, Rule 8 of the Code of Civil Procedure but therein the question as to whether the Appellant herein, being a registered trust became entitled to the properties of Brethren Church could not have been gone into. What is prohibited is to enforce a right on behalf of a public trust. When the plaintiffs intended to enforce a right on behalf of the Appellant, the suit was evidently not maintainable.’
18. If for the purpose of examination of the said question, amongst others, the executing court has allowed the applications for impleadment of the respondent Nos. 1 and 3 herein as defendant No. 4 and 5, so as to enable them to press their applications for setting aside the ex-parte decree upon condonation of delay; we do not see any reason to interfere therewith in exercise of our discretionary jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution of India.
19. For the reasons above mentioned, there is no merit in this application which is accordingly dismissed with costs. Counsel’s fee assessed at Rs.10,000/- (Rupees ten thousand only).
