S.T. Krishnappa Vs. Shivakumar & Ors.
EmailAppeal: Civil Appeal No. 2207 of 2007
(Arising out of SLP (C) No. 16366 of 2006)
[From the Final Judgment and Order dated 29.06.2006 of the High Court of Karnataka at Bangalore in Regular First Appeal No. 1187 of 2003]
(Arising out of SLP (C) No. 16366 of 2006)
[From the Final Judgment and Order dated 29.06.2006 of the High Court of Karnataka at Bangalore in Regular First Appeal No. 1187 of 2003]
Petitioner: S.T. Krishnappa
Respondent: Shivakumar & Ors.
Apeal: Civil Appeal No. 2207 of 2007
(Arising out of SLP (C) No. 16366 of 2006)
[From the Final Judgment and Order dated 29.06.2006 of the High Court of Karnataka at Bangalore in Regular First Appeal No. 1187 of 2003]
(Arising out of SLP (C) No. 16366 of 2006)
[From the Final Judgment and Order dated 29.06.2006 of the High Court of Karnataka at Bangalore in Regular First Appeal No. 1187 of 2003]
Judges: S.B. Sinha & Markandey Katju, JJ.
Date of Judgment: Apr 27, 2007
Appearances:
Appearances :
Mr. P.S. Narasimha, Mr. Shekher G. Devasa, Mr. B.V. Binto, Mr. Ph. Dinesh Chandra, Mrs. Rajshri A. Dubey, Mr. Ashutosh Dubey and Mr. Dinesh Kumar Garg, Advocates for the Appellant.
Mr. Sunder Khatri and Mr. S.K. Sabharwal, Advocates for the Respondents.
Mr. P.S. Narasimha, Mr. Shekher G. Devasa, Mr. B.V. Binto, Mr. Ph. Dinesh Chandra, Mrs. Rajshri A. Dubey, Mr. Ashutosh Dubey and Mr. Dinesh Kumar Garg, Advocates for the Appellant.
Mr. Sunder Khatri and Mr. S.K. Sabharwal, Advocates for the Respondents.
Head Note:
HINDU LAW / ADOPTIONS
Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Section 92 Hindu Adoption of child – Dvyamushyayana form of adoption Presumption of Father of plaintiff-appellant giving him in adoption to his brother Adoption deed silent on form of adoption Partition taking place in the joint Hindu family of appellants father Appellant filing suit for declaration and partition as also separate possession claiming 2/3 share in suit properties on the premise of his continuing to be a coparcener in the family of his natural father Civil Judge dismissing the suit High Court affirming the dismissal Validity Whether presumption as to the form of adoption can be raised. Dismissing the appeal held that in view of the adoption deed not containing stipulation as to dvyamushyayana form of adoption, no presumption can be raised. Further such a presumption is not attracted as the brother had not given his only son in adoption to another brother nor was it shown that there existed such a custom. Adoption having been made in terms of a deed of adoption and there being no evidence to show that the adoption was in Dvyamushyayana form, appellant cannot be held to be a co-parcener of the family of his natural father.
Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Section 92 Hindu Adoption of child – Dvyamushyayana form of adoption Presumption of Father of plaintiff-appellant giving him in adoption to his brother Adoption deed silent on form of adoption Partition taking place in the joint Hindu family of appellants father Appellant filing suit for declaration and partition as also separate possession claiming 2/3 share in suit properties on the premise of his continuing to be a coparcener in the family of his natural father Civil Judge dismissing the suit High Court affirming the dismissal Validity Whether presumption as to the form of adoption can be raised. Dismissing the appeal held that in view of the adoption deed not containing stipulation as to dvyamushyayana form of adoption, no presumption can be raised. Further such a presumption is not attracted as the brother had not given his only son in adoption to another brother nor was it shown that there existed such a custom. Adoption having been made in terms of a deed of adoption and there being no evidence to show that the adoption was in Dvyamushyayana form, appellant cannot be held to be a co-parcener of the family of his natural father.
Held:
It is not in dispute that adoption was evidenced by a deed of adoption dated 15.2.1945. No other agreement was produced before the Court to show that both the natural as also adoptive parents had agreed that the adoption would be in some other form. Stipulations made in the said deed of adoption dated 15.2.1945, however, clearly show to the contrary. (Para 9)
No independent witness was also examined to prove that his genetive parents gave in adoption to Sohur Thimmaiah in the form of dvyamushyayana on the basis of oral agreement or otherwise. Such an oral agreement might not have even been admissible in evidence in terms of Section 92 of the Indian Evidence Act. (Para 10)
No such presumption can be attached in the instant case as a brother had not given his only son in adoption to another brother. It is also not a where case such a custom was prevalent. If there existed a custom, the matter might have been different. (Para 13)
Cases Reffered:
1. Rajgopal (Dead) by Lrs. v. Kishan Gopal and Another [(2003) 10 SCC 653] (Para 11)
2. His Highness Maharaja Pratap Singh v. Her Highness Maharani Sarojini Devi and Others [1994 Supp (1) SCC 734] (Para 17)
3. Guardian Bachan Singh v Surjan Singh (Dead) and Others [AIR 1974 SC 2161] (Para 15)
4. Ujagar Singh v. Mst. Jeo [AIR 1959 SC 1041] (Para 17)
JUDGEMENT:
S.B. SINHA, J.
1. Leave granted.
2. Application of the Dvyamushyayana form of adoption is in question in this appeal which arises out of a judgment and order dated 29.6.2006 passed by the High Court of Karnataka at Bangalore in Regular First Appeal No. 1187 of 2003 affirming a judgment and decree dated 26.7.2003 passed by the Learned XXII City Civil Judge, Bangalore in O.S. No. 4472 of 1991 dismissing the suit for declaration and partition as also separate possession filed by the appellant herein.
3. One S.M. Thimmadasappa was the owner of the properties. He and his wife Smt. Puttamma (original defendant No. 1, since deceased) had a son known as Krishnappa. S.M. Thimadasappa had a brother named Sohur Thimmaiah who was issueless. Thimadasappa and his wife gave plaintiff, Krishnappa in adoption to Sohur Thimmaiah in a ceremony held therefor on 14.2.1995.
4. The deed of adoption admittedly did not contain any stipulation that the said adoption was in dvyamushyayana or in other form.
5. Appellant claimed partition also in the property of Thimmadasappa. Thimmadasappa had a daughter Kumari Menaka. The plaintiff claimed that he continued to be a coparcener in the family of Thimmadasappa. A partition took place on 8.7.1960 in the family of Thimmadasappa, item No. 3 whereof fell in his share. Kamala was the other daughter of Thimmadasappa. She expired in the year 1982 leaving behind the contesting respondents as her heirs and legal representatives. Thimmadasappa executed a Will on or about 26.12.1981. He expired in the year 1984.
6. The short question which arose for consideration in the suit was as to whether the plaintiff/appellant continued to be a coparcener in the joint family property of Thimmadasappa and thus became entitled to 2/3 share in the suit properties. The learned trial judge framed the following issues:-
1. Whether the plaintiff proves his right over the suit schedule properties?
2. Whether the plaintiff is entitled for 2/3rd share in the suit schedule properties?
3. Whether the plaintiff is entitled for the accounts?
4. What decree or order?
5. Whether the defendants prove that the court fee paid is sufficient?
7. On appreciation of the evidence and in particular the fact that Thimmadasappa had executed a Will in the year 1981, the genuineness or otherwise whereupon was not questioned by the appellant, the learned Trial Judge as also the First Appellate Court negatived the appellants claim.
8. Mr. P.S. Narasimha, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant would, in support of this appeal, submit that the learned Trial Judge as also the High Court committed a serious error insofar as it failed to raise a presumption that the adoption of the appellant by Sohur Thimmaiah took place in dvyamushayana form as he was the only son of his natural father.
9. It is not in dispute that adoption was evidenced by a deed of adoption dated 15.2.1945. No other agreement was produced before the Court to show that both the natural as also adoptive parents had agreed that the adoption would be in some other form. Stipulations made in the said deed of adoption dated 15.2.1945, however, clearly show to the contrary.
10. No independent witness was also examined to prove that his genetive parents gave in adoption to Sohur Thimmaiah in the form of dvyamushyayana on the basis of oral agreement or otherwise. Such an oral agreement might not have even been admissible in evidence in terms of Section 92 of the Indian Evidence Act.
11. What are the requisite ingredients of adoption in the said form came up for consideration in Rajgopal (Dead) by Lrs. v. Kishan Gopal and Another1, wherein a Division Bench of this Court upon taking into consideration a large number of decisions stated the law thus;
18. In every case of absolute dvyamushyayana form of adoption, there must be an agreement to the effect that the person given in adoption shall be the son of both i.e. the natural father as well as the adoptive father and such an agreement must be proved like any other fact by the party alleging the same. See Laxmipatirao Shrinivas Deshpande v. Venkatesh Tirmal Deshpande and Mohna Mal v. Mula Mal.
12. Mr. Narasimha, however, would refer to sub-section (3) of Section 483 of the Principles of Hindu Law by Mulla which reads as under:-
(3) Where a person gives his only son in adoption to his brother, the adoption must be presumed to be in the dvyamushyayana form, unless a stipulation is proved that the adoption was to be in the ordinary form. In Bombay, however, it has been held that there is no such presumption, and that a person alleging that an adoption was in the dvyamushyayana form, must prove that there was an agreement to that effect, even if the person adopted was the only son of a brother. But it is not necessary that the adoptive father and the natural father should be brothers.
13. No such presumption can be attached in the instant case as a brother had not given his only son in adoption to another brother. It is also not a where case such a custom was prevalent. If there existed a custom, the matter might have been different.
14. The principle of law stated in the said paragraph of Mullas Hindu Law has been taken into consideration in Rajgopal (supra). It does not, thus, advance the case of the appellant.
15. In Kartar Singh (Minor) through Guardian Bachan Singh v Surjan Singh (Dead) and Others1 whereto our attention has been drawn by Mr. Narasimha, a customary adoption was in vogue. This Court therein noticed that even according to the customary laws of Punjab, there was a special custom under which adoption attached to it, all the consequences which flow from full and formal adoption under Hindu Law. Customary adoption in Punjab where mere appointment of the heir creates only a personal relation between the adopter and the adoptee, was held to have been not proved stating:-
The whole error in the reasoning of the Division Bench lies in proceeding on the assumption that Maghi Singh intended merely to appoint an heir because he referred to custom. But when the document refers to Maghi Singh taking the appellant into his lap from his parents and adopting him as his son, the words according to custom can only refer to the custom of adoption; so would the reference to custom in two other places in the document. Maghi Singh refers to adopted son in three places. He specifically calls the document adoption deed. The document is to be read as a whole and so reading there cannot be the least doubt that what Maghi Singh intended was to make an adoption according to Law and not merely appoint an heir according to custom which prevailed before 1956 but had been abolished by the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act.
16. The twist sought to be given that the purported adoption was made only for the purpose of nominating a heir, was not accepted stating that when a ceremony was performed, the parties intended to comply with the requirements of law that for a valid adoption, there must be a giving and taking.
17. See also Ujagar Singh v. Mst. Jeo2 and His Highness Maharaja Pratap Singh v. Her Highness Maharani Sarojini Devi and Others3.
18. In view of the finding of fact arrived at by the courts below, we do not find any merit in this appeal which is dismissed accordingly with costs. Counsels fee assessed at Rs.10,000/-.
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1. Leave granted.
2. Application of the Dvyamushyayana form of adoption is in question in this appeal which arises out of a judgment and order dated 29.6.2006 passed by the High Court of Karnataka at Bangalore in Regular First Appeal No. 1187 of 2003 affirming a judgment and decree dated 26.7.2003 passed by the Learned XXII City Civil Judge, Bangalore in O.S. No. 4472 of 1991 dismissing the suit for declaration and partition as also separate possession filed by the appellant herein.
3. One S.M. Thimmadasappa was the owner of the properties. He and his wife Smt. Puttamma (original defendant No. 1, since deceased) had a son known as Krishnappa. S.M. Thimadasappa had a brother named Sohur Thimmaiah who was issueless. Thimadasappa and his wife gave plaintiff, Krishnappa in adoption to Sohur Thimmaiah in a ceremony held therefor on 14.2.1995.
4. The deed of adoption admittedly did not contain any stipulation that the said adoption was in dvyamushyayana or in other form.
5. Appellant claimed partition also in the property of Thimmadasappa. Thimmadasappa had a daughter Kumari Menaka. The plaintiff claimed that he continued to be a coparcener in the family of Thimmadasappa. A partition took place on 8.7.1960 in the family of Thimmadasappa, item No. 3 whereof fell in his share. Kamala was the other daughter of Thimmadasappa. She expired in the year 1982 leaving behind the contesting respondents as her heirs and legal representatives. Thimmadasappa executed a Will on or about 26.12.1981. He expired in the year 1984.
6. The short question which arose for consideration in the suit was as to whether the plaintiff/appellant continued to be a coparcener in the joint family property of Thimmadasappa and thus became entitled to 2/3 share in the suit properties. The learned trial judge framed the following issues:-
1. Whether the plaintiff proves his right over the suit schedule properties?
2. Whether the plaintiff is entitled for 2/3rd share in the suit schedule properties?
3. Whether the plaintiff is entitled for the accounts?
4. What decree or order?
5. Whether the defendants prove that the court fee paid is sufficient?
7. On appreciation of the evidence and in particular the fact that Thimmadasappa had executed a Will in the year 1981, the genuineness or otherwise whereupon was not questioned by the appellant, the learned Trial Judge as also the First Appellate Court negatived the appellants claim.
8. Mr. P.S. Narasimha, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant would, in support of this appeal, submit that the learned Trial Judge as also the High Court committed a serious error insofar as it failed to raise a presumption that the adoption of the appellant by Sohur Thimmaiah took place in dvyamushayana form as he was the only son of his natural father.
9. It is not in dispute that adoption was evidenced by a deed of adoption dated 15.2.1945. No other agreement was produced before the Court to show that both the natural as also adoptive parents had agreed that the adoption would be in some other form. Stipulations made in the said deed of adoption dated 15.2.1945, however, clearly show to the contrary.
10. No independent witness was also examined to prove that his genetive parents gave in adoption to Sohur Thimmaiah in the form of dvyamushyayana on the basis of oral agreement or otherwise. Such an oral agreement might not have even been admissible in evidence in terms of Section 92 of the Indian Evidence Act.
11. What are the requisite ingredients of adoption in the said form came up for consideration in Rajgopal (Dead) by Lrs. v. Kishan Gopal and Another1, wherein a Division Bench of this Court upon taking into consideration a large number of decisions stated the law thus;
18. In every case of absolute dvyamushyayana form of adoption, there must be an agreement to the effect that the person given in adoption shall be the son of both i.e. the natural father as well as the adoptive father and such an agreement must be proved like any other fact by the party alleging the same. See Laxmipatirao Shrinivas Deshpande v. Venkatesh Tirmal Deshpande and Mohna Mal v. Mula Mal.
12. Mr. Narasimha, however, would refer to sub-section (3) of Section 483 of the Principles of Hindu Law by Mulla which reads as under:-
(3) Where a person gives his only son in adoption to his brother, the adoption must be presumed to be in the dvyamushyayana form, unless a stipulation is proved that the adoption was to be in the ordinary form. In Bombay, however, it has been held that there is no such presumption, and that a person alleging that an adoption was in the dvyamushyayana form, must prove that there was an agreement to that effect, even if the person adopted was the only son of a brother. But it is not necessary that the adoptive father and the natural father should be brothers.
13. No such presumption can be attached in the instant case as a brother had not given his only son in adoption to another brother. It is also not a where case such a custom was prevalent. If there existed a custom, the matter might have been different.
14. The principle of law stated in the said paragraph of Mullas Hindu Law has been taken into consideration in Rajgopal (supra). It does not, thus, advance the case of the appellant.
15. In Kartar Singh (Minor) through Guardian Bachan Singh v Surjan Singh (Dead) and Others1 whereto our attention has been drawn by Mr. Narasimha, a customary adoption was in vogue. This Court therein noticed that even according to the customary laws of Punjab, there was a special custom under which adoption attached to it, all the consequences which flow from full and formal adoption under Hindu Law. Customary adoption in Punjab where mere appointment of the heir creates only a personal relation between the adopter and the adoptee, was held to have been not proved stating:-
The whole error in the reasoning of the Division Bench lies in proceeding on the assumption that Maghi Singh intended merely to appoint an heir because he referred to custom. But when the document refers to Maghi Singh taking the appellant into his lap from his parents and adopting him as his son, the words according to custom can only refer to the custom of adoption; so would the reference to custom in two other places in the document. Maghi Singh refers to adopted son in three places. He specifically calls the document adoption deed. The document is to be read as a whole and so reading there cannot be the least doubt that what Maghi Singh intended was to make an adoption according to Law and not merely appoint an heir according to custom which prevailed before 1956 but had been abolished by the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act.
16. The twist sought to be given that the purported adoption was made only for the purpose of nominating a heir, was not accepted stating that when a ceremony was performed, the parties intended to comply with the requirements of law that for a valid adoption, there must be a giving and taking.
17. See also Ujagar Singh v. Mst. Jeo2 and His Highness Maharaja Pratap Singh v. Her Highness Maharani Sarojini Devi and Others3.
18. In view of the finding of fact arrived at by the courts below, we do not find any merit in this appeal which is dismissed accordingly with costs. Counsels fee assessed at Rs.10,000/-.
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