N. Ammad Vs. The Manager, Emjay High School & ors.
EmailAppeal: Civil Appeal Nos. 4597 – 4598 of 1998
(From the Judgment and Order dated 24.7.98 of the Kerala High Court in C.A.No. 746-747 of 1998)
(From the Judgment and Order dated 24.7.98 of the Kerala High Court in C.A.No. 746-747 of 1998)
Petitioner: N. Ammad
Respondent: The Manager, Emjay High School & ors.
Apeal: Civil Appeal Nos. 4597 – 4598 of 1998
(From the Judgment and Order dated 24.7.98 of the Kerala High Court in C.A.No. 746-747 of 1998)
(From the Judgment and Order dated 24.7.98 of the Kerala High Court in C.A.No. 746-747 of 1998)
Judges: S.S.SAGHIR AHMAD & K.T.THOMAS, JJ.
Date of Judgment: Jul 09, 1998
Appearances:
Mr. R.F. Nariman, Sr. Advocate Mr. B.V.Deepak, Advocate with him for the appellant
Mr. P.P.Rao, Sr. Advocate, E.M.S. Anam and Fazlin Anam, Advocates with him for the Respondents.
Head Note:
EDUCATION
Kerala Education Act, 1958
Section 14(a), 2(2), 2(5) with Kerala Education Rules, – Rule 44-A and 44(1) and Constitution – Art. 30(i) – Minority School – Declaration as to in August 1994 – If not entitled to protection as such school prior to that date. Held that declaration merely recognises a factional position. Hence, it can claim protection of Act of 1958 ever prior to declaration.
Held:
When the Government declared the school as a minority school it has recognised a factual position that the school was estab-lished and is being administered by a minority community. The declaration is only an open acceptance of a legal character which should necessarily have existed antecedent to such declaration. Therefore, we are unable to agree with the contention that the school can claim protection only after the Government declared it as a minority school on 2-8-1994. (Para 12)
Cases Reffered:
1. Henry Gomez v. The Government of Kerala, 1994 (1) ILR (Kerala) 808. (Para 24) Referred in JT 1998 (6) SC 221
2. Shainda Hasan v. State of Uttar Pradesh & ors.JT 1990 (2) SC 178.(Para 26) Referred in JT 1998 (6) SC 221
3. Manager Corporate E. Agency v. State of Kerala (1990 2 Kerala Law Times 240):(Para 25) Referred in JT 1998 (6) SC 221
4. The Ahmedabad St. Xaviers College Society & anr. etc. v. State of Gujarat & anr. (1975 1 SCR 173). (Para 15) Referred in JT 1998 (6) SC 221
5. Gandhi Faizeam College, Shahajahanpur v. University of Agra & anr (1975 3 SCR 810), (Para 21) Referred in JT 1998 (6) SC 221
6. Aldo Maria Patroni v. E.C. Kesavan & ors. (1964 Kerala Law Times 791). (Para 18) Referred in JT 1998 (6) SC 221
7. Sidhrajbhai Sabbai & ors. v. State of Gujarat & anr. (AIR 1963 SC 540) (Para 15) Referred in JT 1998 (6) SC 221
2. Shainda Hasan v. State of Uttar Pradesh & ors.JT 1990 (2) SC 178.(Para 26) Referred in JT 1998 (6) SC 221
3. Manager Corporate E. Agency v. State of Kerala (1990 2 Kerala Law Times 240):(Para 25) Referred in JT 1998 (6) SC 221
4. The Ahmedabad St. Xaviers College Society & anr. etc. v. State of Gujarat & anr. (1975 1 SCR 173). (Para 15) Referred in JT 1998 (6) SC 221
5. Gandhi Faizeam College, Shahajahanpur v. University of Agra & anr (1975 3 SCR 810), (Para 21) Referred in JT 1998 (6) SC 221
6. Aldo Maria Patroni v. E.C. Kesavan & ors. (1964 Kerala Law Times 791). (Para 18) Referred in JT 1998 (6) SC 221
7. Sidhrajbhai Sabbai & ors. v. State of Gujarat & anr. (AIR 1963 SC 540) (Para 15) Referred in JT 1998 (6) SC 221
JUDGEMENT:
THOMAS, J.
1. Special leave granted.
2. The simple question in these appeals is this: Is the man-agement of a minority school free to choose and appoint any qualified person as Headmaster of the school or whether such management is hedged by any legislative edict or executive fiat in doing so?
3. The above question arose when management of a school sought to appoint 4th respondent (P.M. Aboobacker) as Headmaster there-of. The school is: “Emjay Vocational Higher Secondary School”, Valliappalli Taluk, Calicut District, Kerala (hereinafter re-ferred to as ‘the school’). This move was stiffly resisted by the appellant who is the seniormost teacher in the school. At his instance, the District Education Officer (DEO) interfered but of no avail. Appellant thereupon filed a writ petition in the High Court of Kerala for a writ of mandamus to the management of the school to appoint him as Headmaster. Learned Single Judge of the High Court, who heard the writ petition, allowed it and issued a direction as prayed for by the appellant. But a Divi-sion Bench of the High Court reversed that judgment and dismissed the writ petition. Hence, appellant has come up to this Court seeking special leave to appeal.
3. Some more facts will be advantageous to focus on the point in dispute.
4. Appellant was appointed as a teacher (High School Assistant – HSA – as it is called) in the school on 3-6-1982, and in June 1991 he became the seniormost teacher there. The post of Headmaster of the school fell vacant during that time. None in the teaching staff of the school, including the appellant, was qualified to be appointed as Headmaster then. One of the requi-sites for the post of Headmaster, as per the relevant rules, is that he must possess a minimum service qualification of 12 years of continuous graduate service. Appellant would have completed the said period of 12 years only in June 1994. Nonetheless, appellant was put in charge as Headmaster of the school with the approval of the DEO concerned. When appellant completed the required period for service qualification he pressed the manage-ment to appoint him as regular Headmaster. The DEO also sent a communication to the management requesting them “to promote and appoint a qualified seniormost HSA as Headmaster with immediate effect”. But the management, instead of acceeding to the afore-said request, brought 4th respondent (who was a graduate teacher having larger period service than the appellant) from another school as per a transfer order which was approved by the depart-ment on 5-9-1994, and appointed him as Headmaster of the school. It was then that the appellant filed the writ petition for issu-ing appropriate directions including a direction to send 4th respondent back to the school wherefrom he was brought.
5. Some undisputed factual features are these: The school was declared by the Government as a Muslim Minority Community School as per G.O. (RT) 2959/94/G. Edn. It is an aided school and is governed by the provisions of the Kerala Education Act, 1958 (for short ‘the Act’). 4th respondent is qualified to be ap-pointed as Headmaster on the date when he was appointed as such and he has longer service than the appellant as HSA, though he had such service in a different school. As per the relevant rules, when a teacher is transferred from one school to another his rank in the new school shall be fixed next below the junior-most teacher in that school in the particular grade.
6. The contention of the appellant is that he being the senior-most graduate teacher should necessarily have been appointed as the Headmaster and none else. He also contended that transfer of 4th respondent from another school was vitiated as approval for such transfer was made on the premise that he was being trans-ferred to hold the post of Headmaster. The third contention is that as the vacancy of Headmaster arose before 2-8-1994, the post should have been filled up in accordance with Rules and the protection as minority school cannot be used to thwart the legitimate right of the seniormost teacher.
7. “Educational Agency” is defined under Section 2(2) of the Act as “any person or body of persons permitted to establish and maintain any private school under this Act”. Chapter XIV of the Kerala Education Rules contains a fasciculus of Rules regarding “Conditions of service of aided school teachers”. Rule 10 which falls under the said Chapter provides that where more than one school are under the same Educational Agency, a teacher from one such school may be transferred to another such school. Rule 11 provides that a teacher serving in any school under one Educa-tional Agency may be transferred to a school under another Educa-tional Agency with the previous approval of the DEO, and Rule 13 stipulates that his rank in the new school “will be fixed next below the juniormost teacher in that particular grade in that school”. The minimum service qualification for appointment as Headmaster is provided in Rule 44A. As Rule 44(1) is important it is extracted below:
“The appointment of Headmasters shall ordinarily be according to seniority from the seniority list prepared and maintained under clauses (a) and (b), as the case may be, of Rule 34. The Manager will appoint the Headmaster subject to the Rules laid down in the matter. A teacher if he is aggrieved by such appointment will have the right of appeal to the Department.”
8. What happens if the management of the school does not conform to the above rules? Section 14 of the Act enables the Government to take over the management of schools for a period not exceeding 5 years “whenever it appears to the Government that the manager of any aided school has neglected to perform any of the duties imposed by or under this Act or the rules made there-under”. But the aforesaid action cannot be taken against a minority school because sub-section (9) of Section 14 says that “nothing in this section shall apply to minority schools.”
9. In the light of the scheme of the Act as set out above relating to appointment of Headmaster in a minority school, we have now to consider whether the DEO can compel the management to appoint the appellant as Headmaster of the school. For an-swering the said question we have to deal with the first conten-tion that the school could not have claimed any protection as a minority school before 2-8-1994, the date when Government de-clared the school as a minority school. The contention, in other words, is that the above declaration of the Government is only prospective.
10. “Minority School” is defined in Section 2(5) of the Act as under:
“Minority school means school of their choice established and administered, or administered, by such minorities as have the right to do so under clause (1) of Article 30 of the Constitu-tion.”
11. Counsel for both sides conceded that there is no provision in the Act which enables the Government to declare a school as minority school. If so, a school which is otherwise a minority school would continue to be so whether Government declared it as such or not. Declaration by the Government is at best only a recognition of an existing fact. Article 30(1) of the Constitu-tion reads thus:
“All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institu-tions of their choice.”
12. When the Government declared the school as a minority school it has recognised a factual position that the school was established and is being administered by a minority community. The declaration is only an open acceptance of a legal character which should necessarily have existed antecedent to such decla-ration. Therefore, we are unable to agree with the contention that the school can claim protection only after the Government declared it as a minority school on 2-8-1994.
13. We will now consider the next contention that the manage-ment of a minority school is also bound by Rule 44(1) of the Kerala Education Rules and hence the seniormost HSA of the school should have been appointed as Headmaster.
14. A Constitution Bench of seven judges of this Court in Re Kerala Education Bill, 1957 (AIR 1958 SC 956) has examined the constitutional validity of the Bill which was the precursor to the Act when President of India had sought the advice of the Supreme Court under Article 143 of the Constitution. One of the propositions laid down by the said Constitution Bench in the said decision is this: The right guaranteed under Article 30(1) is a right that is absolute and any law or executive direction which infringes the substance of that right is void to the extent of infringement. But the absolute character of the right will not preclude making of regulations in the true interests of effi-ciency or instruction, discipline, health, sanitation, morality, public order and the like, as such regulations are not restric-tions on the substance of the right guaranteed by the Constitu-tion.
15. The aforesaid proposition was approved by another Constitu-tion Bench of this Court in Sidhrajbhai Sabbai & ors. v. State of Gujarat & anr. (AIR 1963 SC 540) and also by a 9 Judge Bench of this Court in The Ahmedabad St. Xaviers College Society & anr. etc. v. State of Gujarat & anr. (1975 1 SCR 173).
16. Thus the legal position adumbrated in Re Kerala Education Bill (supra) remains unchanged now.
17. Selection and appointment of Headmaster in a school (or Principal of a college) are of prime importance in administration of that educational institution. Headmaster is the key post in the running of the school. He is the hub on which all the spokes of the school are set around whom they rotate to generate re-sult. A school is personified through its Headmaster and he is the focal point on which outsiders look at the school. A bad Headmaster can spoil the entire institution, an efficient and honest Headmaster can improve it by leaps and bounds. The func-tional efficacy of a school very much depends upon the efficiency and dedication of its Headmaster. This prestine precept remains unchanged despite many changes taking place in the structural patterns of education over the years.
18. How important is the post of Headmaster of a school has been pithily stated by a Full Bench of the Kerala High Court in Aldo Maria Patroni v. E.C. Kesavan & ors. (1964 Kerala Law Times 791). Chief Justice M.S. Menon has, in a style which is inimi-table, stated thus: .lm20
“The post of the headmaster is of pivotal importance in the file of a school. Around him wheels the tone and temper of the institution; on him depends the continuity of its traditions, the maintenance of discipline and the efficiency of its teach-ing. The right to choose the headmaster is perhaps the most important facet of the right to administer a school, and we must hold that the imposition of any trammel thereon – except to the extent of prescribing the requisite qualifications and experience – cannot but be considered as a violation of the right guaranteed by Article 30(1) of the Constitution. To hold otherwise will be to make the right ‘a teasing illusion, a promise of unreality’.” (p.794)
19. The importance of the key role which a Headmaster plays in the school cannot be better delineated than that. The Nine Judge Bench in the Ahmedabad St. Xaviers Society College (supra) has highlighted the importance of the role of Principal of a college. In support of the majority view in that decision K.K. Mathew, J. has observed thus:
“It is upon the principal and teachers of a college that the tone and temper of an educational institution depend. On them would depend its reputation, the maintenance of discipline and its efficiency in teaching. The right to choose the principal and to have the teaching conducted by teachers appointed by the management after an overall assessment of their outlook and philosophy is perhaps the most important facet of the right to administer an educational institution.”
(P. 270)
20. H.R. Khanna, J. has adopted a still broader view that even selection of teachers is of great importance in the right to manage a school. Learned Judge has stated thus:
“The selection and appointment of teachers for an educational institution is one of the essential ingredients of the right to manage an educational institution and the minorities can plain-ly be not denied such right of selection and appointment with-out infringing Article 30(1).”
(p.242)
21. Krishna Iyer, J. who dissented from the majority view in Gandhi Faizeam College, Shahajahanpur v. University of Agra & anr (1975 3 SCR 810), has, nevertheless, emphasised the impor-tance of the post of the Principal in the following words:
“An activist principal is an asset in discharging these duties which are inextricably interlaced with academic functions. The principal is an invaluable insider – the Management’s own choice – not an outsider answerable to the Vice-Chancellor. He brings into the work of the Managing Committee that intimate acquaintance with educational operations and that necessary expression of student-teacher aspirations and complaints which are so essential for the minority institution to achieve a happy marriage between individuality and excellence.”
(p.825)
22. Whatever is said about the importance of the post of Prin-cipal of a college vis-a-vis the administration of the institu-tion would in pari materia apply to the Headmaster of a school with equal force.
23. If management of the school is not given very wide freedom to choose the personnel for holding such a key post, subject of course to the restrictions regarding qualifications to be pre-scribed by the State, the right to administer the school would get much diminished.
24. Appellant in this case adopted an alternative contention that the vacancy of Headmaster should have been filled up on 1-6-1991 the date on which the vacancy arose. Rule 45C (Chapter XIV) of the Kerala Education Rules provides for temporary promotion as Headmaster in the contingency when a qualified teacher is not available to be promoted in accordance with the Rules. In such contingency the Rule says that the appointing authority “shall promote the seniormost teacher on the staff of the school or the schools under the Educational Agency, as Head-master, temporarily.” A Division Bench of the Kerala High Court has taken the view that even in a minority school appointment of Headmaster shall be with reference to the date of vacancy. {vide Henry Gomez v. The Government of Kerala, 1994 (1) ILR (Kerala) 808. In that case the vacancy arose on 2-5-1987 and none in that school was qualified and so the management of that school brought one teacher from outside and appointed him as Headmaster. The Division Bench thereupon held that “the management is bound to find out a qualified teacher from among the members of its staff to be posted as Headmaster of the school in the vacancy that arose on 2nd May 1987”.
25. If the said observations were meant for a non- minority school, we would not have considered its implications here. But as the observations are meant for a minority school in that case we may state at once that we are unable to concur with it. The management of a minority school is free to find out a qualified person either from the staff of the same school or from outside to fill up the vacancy. We may point out, in this context, that the Division Bench in Henry Gomez’s case (supra) has quoted with approval the following observations of another earlier Division Bench decision of the same High Court in Manager Corporate E. Agency v. State of Kerala (1990 2 Kerala Law Times 240):
“The right to appoint the Headmaster of a school or the Princi-pal of a college, is one of prime importance in the administra-tion of the institution. The right of the minority to admin-ister an educational institution of its choice requires the presence of a person in whom they can repose confidence, who will carry out their directions, and to whom they can look forward to maintain the traditions, discipline and the effi-ciency of the teaching. When once the pivotal position of the Headmaster is recognised, it has to be held that the right to appoint a person of its choice as Headmaster is of paramount importance to the minority, any interference with which (other-wise than by prescribing qualifications and experience) will denude the right of administration of is content, reducing it to mere husk, without the grain Such an inroad cannot be saved as a regulation which the State might impose for furthering the standards of education.”
(emphasis supplied)
Approval of the above observations of the earlier Division Bench decision of the same court does not go in consonance with the direction issued in Henry Gomez case that the management is bound to find out a qualified teacher from among the members of its staff to be posted as Headmaster of the school.
26. Shri R.F. Nariman, learned senior counsel contended, alter-natively, that if the management is anxious to find out the most qualified person to fill up the post of Headmaster the management should have advertised for the post inviting applications from qualified persons. To buttress up the said argument learned counsel cited a two Judge Bench decision of this Court in Shain-da Hasan v. State of Uttar Pradesh & ors. JT 1990 (2) SC 178 = 1990 2 SCR 699). In that case the management of a college advertised for the post of Principal and when appellant was selected by relaxing the qualifications the University declined to accord approval thereto. When appellant approached this court learned judges suggested that the University might not interfere with the selection and appointment under the facts of that case. But no legal proposition has been laid down that selection pro-cess must be through advertisement. According to us, it is for the management of the minority educational institution to choose the modality for selecting the qualified persons for appointment.
27. Thus the management’s right to choose a qualified person as the Headmaster of the school is well insulated by the protec-tive cover of Article 30(1) of the Constitution and it cannot be chiselled out through any legislative act or executive rule except for fixing up the qualifications and conditions of serv-ice for the post. Any such statutory or executive fiat would be violative of the fundamental right enshrined in the aforesaid Article and would hence be void.
28. In the present case, nobody has alleged that 4th respondent does not possess the qualifications prescribed for the post of Headmaster. If that is the position, management has the right and freedom to appoint him as the Headmaster of the school wheth-er it is by bringing him down from another school or even from outside the State. We therefore concur with the conclusion of the Division Bench of the High Court in the impugned Judgment and dismiss these appeals.
1. Special leave granted.
2. The simple question in these appeals is this: Is the man-agement of a minority school free to choose and appoint any qualified person as Headmaster of the school or whether such management is hedged by any legislative edict or executive fiat in doing so?
3. The above question arose when management of a school sought to appoint 4th respondent (P.M. Aboobacker) as Headmaster there-of. The school is: “Emjay Vocational Higher Secondary School”, Valliappalli Taluk, Calicut District, Kerala (hereinafter re-ferred to as ‘the school’). This move was stiffly resisted by the appellant who is the seniormost teacher in the school. At his instance, the District Education Officer (DEO) interfered but of no avail. Appellant thereupon filed a writ petition in the High Court of Kerala for a writ of mandamus to the management of the school to appoint him as Headmaster. Learned Single Judge of the High Court, who heard the writ petition, allowed it and issued a direction as prayed for by the appellant. But a Divi-sion Bench of the High Court reversed that judgment and dismissed the writ petition. Hence, appellant has come up to this Court seeking special leave to appeal.
3. Some more facts will be advantageous to focus on the point in dispute.
4. Appellant was appointed as a teacher (High School Assistant – HSA – as it is called) in the school on 3-6-1982, and in June 1991 he became the seniormost teacher there. The post of Headmaster of the school fell vacant during that time. None in the teaching staff of the school, including the appellant, was qualified to be appointed as Headmaster then. One of the requi-sites for the post of Headmaster, as per the relevant rules, is that he must possess a minimum service qualification of 12 years of continuous graduate service. Appellant would have completed the said period of 12 years only in June 1994. Nonetheless, appellant was put in charge as Headmaster of the school with the approval of the DEO concerned. When appellant completed the required period for service qualification he pressed the manage-ment to appoint him as regular Headmaster. The DEO also sent a communication to the management requesting them “to promote and appoint a qualified seniormost HSA as Headmaster with immediate effect”. But the management, instead of acceeding to the afore-said request, brought 4th respondent (who was a graduate teacher having larger period service than the appellant) from another school as per a transfer order which was approved by the depart-ment on 5-9-1994, and appointed him as Headmaster of the school. It was then that the appellant filed the writ petition for issu-ing appropriate directions including a direction to send 4th respondent back to the school wherefrom he was brought.
5. Some undisputed factual features are these: The school was declared by the Government as a Muslim Minority Community School as per G.O. (RT) 2959/94/G. Edn. It is an aided school and is governed by the provisions of the Kerala Education Act, 1958 (for short ‘the Act’). 4th respondent is qualified to be ap-pointed as Headmaster on the date when he was appointed as such and he has longer service than the appellant as HSA, though he had such service in a different school. As per the relevant rules, when a teacher is transferred from one school to another his rank in the new school shall be fixed next below the junior-most teacher in that school in the particular grade.
6. The contention of the appellant is that he being the senior-most graduate teacher should necessarily have been appointed as the Headmaster and none else. He also contended that transfer of 4th respondent from another school was vitiated as approval for such transfer was made on the premise that he was being trans-ferred to hold the post of Headmaster. The third contention is that as the vacancy of Headmaster arose before 2-8-1994, the post should have been filled up in accordance with Rules and the protection as minority school cannot be used to thwart the legitimate right of the seniormost teacher.
7. “Educational Agency” is defined under Section 2(2) of the Act as “any person or body of persons permitted to establish and maintain any private school under this Act”. Chapter XIV of the Kerala Education Rules contains a fasciculus of Rules regarding “Conditions of service of aided school teachers”. Rule 10 which falls under the said Chapter provides that where more than one school are under the same Educational Agency, a teacher from one such school may be transferred to another such school. Rule 11 provides that a teacher serving in any school under one Educa-tional Agency may be transferred to a school under another Educa-tional Agency with the previous approval of the DEO, and Rule 13 stipulates that his rank in the new school “will be fixed next below the juniormost teacher in that particular grade in that school”. The minimum service qualification for appointment as Headmaster is provided in Rule 44A. As Rule 44(1) is important it is extracted below:
“The appointment of Headmasters shall ordinarily be according to seniority from the seniority list prepared and maintained under clauses (a) and (b), as the case may be, of Rule 34. The Manager will appoint the Headmaster subject to the Rules laid down in the matter. A teacher if he is aggrieved by such appointment will have the right of appeal to the Department.”
8. What happens if the management of the school does not conform to the above rules? Section 14 of the Act enables the Government to take over the management of schools for a period not exceeding 5 years “whenever it appears to the Government that the manager of any aided school has neglected to perform any of the duties imposed by or under this Act or the rules made there-under”. But the aforesaid action cannot be taken against a minority school because sub-section (9) of Section 14 says that “nothing in this section shall apply to minority schools.”
9. In the light of the scheme of the Act as set out above relating to appointment of Headmaster in a minority school, we have now to consider whether the DEO can compel the management to appoint the appellant as Headmaster of the school. For an-swering the said question we have to deal with the first conten-tion that the school could not have claimed any protection as a minority school before 2-8-1994, the date when Government de-clared the school as a minority school. The contention, in other words, is that the above declaration of the Government is only prospective.
10. “Minority School” is defined in Section 2(5) of the Act as under:
“Minority school means school of their choice established and administered, or administered, by such minorities as have the right to do so under clause (1) of Article 30 of the Constitu-tion.”
11. Counsel for both sides conceded that there is no provision in the Act which enables the Government to declare a school as minority school. If so, a school which is otherwise a minority school would continue to be so whether Government declared it as such or not. Declaration by the Government is at best only a recognition of an existing fact. Article 30(1) of the Constitu-tion reads thus:
“All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institu-tions of their choice.”
12. When the Government declared the school as a minority school it has recognised a factual position that the school was established and is being administered by a minority community. The declaration is only an open acceptance of a legal character which should necessarily have existed antecedent to such decla-ration. Therefore, we are unable to agree with the contention that the school can claim protection only after the Government declared it as a minority school on 2-8-1994.
13. We will now consider the next contention that the manage-ment of a minority school is also bound by Rule 44(1) of the Kerala Education Rules and hence the seniormost HSA of the school should have been appointed as Headmaster.
14. A Constitution Bench of seven judges of this Court in Re Kerala Education Bill, 1957 (AIR 1958 SC 956) has examined the constitutional validity of the Bill which was the precursor to the Act when President of India had sought the advice of the Supreme Court under Article 143 of the Constitution. One of the propositions laid down by the said Constitution Bench in the said decision is this: The right guaranteed under Article 30(1) is a right that is absolute and any law or executive direction which infringes the substance of that right is void to the extent of infringement. But the absolute character of the right will not preclude making of regulations in the true interests of effi-ciency or instruction, discipline, health, sanitation, morality, public order and the like, as such regulations are not restric-tions on the substance of the right guaranteed by the Constitu-tion.
15. The aforesaid proposition was approved by another Constitu-tion Bench of this Court in Sidhrajbhai Sabbai & ors. v. State of Gujarat & anr. (AIR 1963 SC 540) and also by a 9 Judge Bench of this Court in The Ahmedabad St. Xaviers College Society & anr. etc. v. State of Gujarat & anr. (1975 1 SCR 173).
16. Thus the legal position adumbrated in Re Kerala Education Bill (supra) remains unchanged now.
17. Selection and appointment of Headmaster in a school (or Principal of a college) are of prime importance in administration of that educational institution. Headmaster is the key post in the running of the school. He is the hub on which all the spokes of the school are set around whom they rotate to generate re-sult. A school is personified through its Headmaster and he is the focal point on which outsiders look at the school. A bad Headmaster can spoil the entire institution, an efficient and honest Headmaster can improve it by leaps and bounds. The func-tional efficacy of a school very much depends upon the efficiency and dedication of its Headmaster. This prestine precept remains unchanged despite many changes taking place in the structural patterns of education over the years.
18. How important is the post of Headmaster of a school has been pithily stated by a Full Bench of the Kerala High Court in Aldo Maria Patroni v. E.C. Kesavan & ors. (1964 Kerala Law Times 791). Chief Justice M.S. Menon has, in a style which is inimi-table, stated thus: .lm20
“The post of the headmaster is of pivotal importance in the file of a school. Around him wheels the tone and temper of the institution; on him depends the continuity of its traditions, the maintenance of discipline and the efficiency of its teach-ing. The right to choose the headmaster is perhaps the most important facet of the right to administer a school, and we must hold that the imposition of any trammel thereon – except to the extent of prescribing the requisite qualifications and experience – cannot but be considered as a violation of the right guaranteed by Article 30(1) of the Constitution. To hold otherwise will be to make the right ‘a teasing illusion, a promise of unreality’.” (p.794)
19. The importance of the key role which a Headmaster plays in the school cannot be better delineated than that. The Nine Judge Bench in the Ahmedabad St. Xaviers Society College (supra) has highlighted the importance of the role of Principal of a college. In support of the majority view in that decision K.K. Mathew, J. has observed thus:
“It is upon the principal and teachers of a college that the tone and temper of an educational institution depend. On them would depend its reputation, the maintenance of discipline and its efficiency in teaching. The right to choose the principal and to have the teaching conducted by teachers appointed by the management after an overall assessment of their outlook and philosophy is perhaps the most important facet of the right to administer an educational institution.”
(P. 270)
20. H.R. Khanna, J. has adopted a still broader view that even selection of teachers is of great importance in the right to manage a school. Learned Judge has stated thus:
“The selection and appointment of teachers for an educational institution is one of the essential ingredients of the right to manage an educational institution and the minorities can plain-ly be not denied such right of selection and appointment with-out infringing Article 30(1).”
(p.242)
21. Krishna Iyer, J. who dissented from the majority view in Gandhi Faizeam College, Shahajahanpur v. University of Agra & anr (1975 3 SCR 810), has, nevertheless, emphasised the impor-tance of the post of the Principal in the following words:
“An activist principal is an asset in discharging these duties which are inextricably interlaced with academic functions. The principal is an invaluable insider – the Management’s own choice – not an outsider answerable to the Vice-Chancellor. He brings into the work of the Managing Committee that intimate acquaintance with educational operations and that necessary expression of student-teacher aspirations and complaints which are so essential for the minority institution to achieve a happy marriage between individuality and excellence.”
(p.825)
22. Whatever is said about the importance of the post of Prin-cipal of a college vis-a-vis the administration of the institu-tion would in pari materia apply to the Headmaster of a school with equal force.
23. If management of the school is not given very wide freedom to choose the personnel for holding such a key post, subject of course to the restrictions regarding qualifications to be pre-scribed by the State, the right to administer the school would get much diminished.
24. Appellant in this case adopted an alternative contention that the vacancy of Headmaster should have been filled up on 1-6-1991 the date on which the vacancy arose. Rule 45C (Chapter XIV) of the Kerala Education Rules provides for temporary promotion as Headmaster in the contingency when a qualified teacher is not available to be promoted in accordance with the Rules. In such contingency the Rule says that the appointing authority “shall promote the seniormost teacher on the staff of the school or the schools under the Educational Agency, as Head-master, temporarily.” A Division Bench of the Kerala High Court has taken the view that even in a minority school appointment of Headmaster shall be with reference to the date of vacancy. {vide Henry Gomez v. The Government of Kerala, 1994 (1) ILR (Kerala) 808. In that case the vacancy arose on 2-5-1987 and none in that school was qualified and so the management of that school brought one teacher from outside and appointed him as Headmaster. The Division Bench thereupon held that “the management is bound to find out a qualified teacher from among the members of its staff to be posted as Headmaster of the school in the vacancy that arose on 2nd May 1987”.
25. If the said observations were meant for a non- minority school, we would not have considered its implications here. But as the observations are meant for a minority school in that case we may state at once that we are unable to concur with it. The management of a minority school is free to find out a qualified person either from the staff of the same school or from outside to fill up the vacancy. We may point out, in this context, that the Division Bench in Henry Gomez’s case (supra) has quoted with approval the following observations of another earlier Division Bench decision of the same High Court in Manager Corporate E. Agency v. State of Kerala (1990 2 Kerala Law Times 240):
“The right to appoint the Headmaster of a school or the Princi-pal of a college, is one of prime importance in the administra-tion of the institution. The right of the minority to admin-ister an educational institution of its choice requires the presence of a person in whom they can repose confidence, who will carry out their directions, and to whom they can look forward to maintain the traditions, discipline and the effi-ciency of the teaching. When once the pivotal position of the Headmaster is recognised, it has to be held that the right to appoint a person of its choice as Headmaster is of paramount importance to the minority, any interference with which (other-wise than by prescribing qualifications and experience) will denude the right of administration of is content, reducing it to mere husk, without the grain Such an inroad cannot be saved as a regulation which the State might impose for furthering the standards of education.”
(emphasis supplied)
Approval of the above observations of the earlier Division Bench decision of the same court does not go in consonance with the direction issued in Henry Gomez case that the management is bound to find out a qualified teacher from among the members of its staff to be posted as Headmaster of the school.
26. Shri R.F. Nariman, learned senior counsel contended, alter-natively, that if the management is anxious to find out the most qualified person to fill up the post of Headmaster the management should have advertised for the post inviting applications from qualified persons. To buttress up the said argument learned counsel cited a two Judge Bench decision of this Court in Shain-da Hasan v. State of Uttar Pradesh & ors. JT 1990 (2) SC 178 = 1990 2 SCR 699). In that case the management of a college advertised for the post of Principal and when appellant was selected by relaxing the qualifications the University declined to accord approval thereto. When appellant approached this court learned judges suggested that the University might not interfere with the selection and appointment under the facts of that case. But no legal proposition has been laid down that selection pro-cess must be through advertisement. According to us, it is for the management of the minority educational institution to choose the modality for selecting the qualified persons for appointment.
27. Thus the management’s right to choose a qualified person as the Headmaster of the school is well insulated by the protec-tive cover of Article 30(1) of the Constitution and it cannot be chiselled out through any legislative act or executive rule except for fixing up the qualifications and conditions of serv-ice for the post. Any such statutory or executive fiat would be violative of the fundamental right enshrined in the aforesaid Article and would hence be void.
28. In the present case, nobody has alleged that 4th respondent does not possess the qualifications prescribed for the post of Headmaster. If that is the position, management has the right and freedom to appoint him as the Headmaster of the school wheth-er it is by bringing him down from another school or even from outside the State. We therefore concur with the conclusion of the Division Bench of the High Court in the impugned Judgment and dismiss these appeals.
