M/s. Aspinwall & Co. Ltd. Vs. The Commissioner of Income-Tax, Ernakulam
EmailAppeal: Civil Appeal Nos. 8832-8833 of 1997
(From the Judgment and Order dated 25.9.96 of the Kerala High Court in I.T.R. Nos. 43 and 44 of 1993)
(From the Judgment and Order dated 25.9.96 of the Kerala High Court in I.T.R. Nos. 43 and 44 of 1993)
Petitioner: M/s. Aspinwall & Co. Ltd.
Respondent: The Commissioner of Income-Tax, Ernakulam
Apeal: Civil Appeal Nos. 8832-8833 of 1997
(From the Judgment and Order dated 25.9.96 of the Kerala High Court in I.T.R. Nos. 43 and 44 of 1993)
(From the Judgment and Order dated 25.9.96 of the Kerala High Court in I.T.R. Nos. 43 and 44 of 1993)
Judges: S.P. BHARUCHA, Y.K. SABHARWAL & ASHOK BHAN, JJ.
Date of Judgment: May 09, 2001
Appearances:
Mr. C.N. Sree Kumar, Advocate for the Appellant.
Mr. B.B. Ahuja, Senior Advocate, Mr. Rajiv Nanda, Mr. B.V. Balram Das and Ms. Sushma Suri, Advocates with him for the Respondent.
Head Note:
INCOME TAX
Income Tax Act, 1961
Section 32-A – Investment allowance – Entitlement to – Meaning of manufacture or production – Activities or operations which go to constitute a manufacturing activity – Assessee engaged in the activity of ‘curing’ coffee – Curing operations consisting of drying coffee seeds in drying yards, hulling, pre-cleaning, destining, elimination of hush, separation of unhulled beans and polishing – Machinery installed for curing operations – Assessee claiming investment allowance in respect of such machinery – A.O. negativing the claim but on appeal, commissioner as well as trib-unal holding that assessee entitled to claim investment allowance – High Court, however, holding that assessee not entitled to such allowance – Whether conversion of raw berry into coffee beans is a manufacturing activity entitling investment allowance in re-spect of machinery used for such activity. Held, a commercially different commodity resulted from the curing activity undertaken by assessee and therefore conversion of raw berry into coffee beans constituted a manufacturing activity. Assessee therefore entitled to claim investment allowance in respect of machinery used in such activity.
Held:
The word ‘manufacture’ has not been defined in the Act. In the absence of a definition of the word ‘manufacture’ it has to be given a meaning as is understood in common parlance. It is to be understood as meaning the production of articles for use from raw or prepared materials by giving such materials new forms, quali-ties or combinations whether by hand labour or machines. If the change made in the article results in a new and different article then it would amount to a manufacturing activity. (Para 13)
The coffee beans have an independent identity distinct from raw material from which it was manufactured. A distinct change comes about in the finished product. (Para 15)
The coffee beans have an independent identity distinct from raw material from which it was manufactured. A distinct change comes about in the finished product. (Para 15)
The process is a manufacturing process when it brings out a complete transformation in the original article so as to produce a commercially different article or commodity. That process itself may consist of several processes. The different processes are integrally connected which results in the production of a commercially different article. If a commercially different article or commodity results after processing then it would be a manufacturing activity. The assessee after processing the raw berries converts them into coffee beans which is commercially different commodity. Conversion of the raw berry into coffee beans would be a manufacturing activity.(Para 16)
High Court was wrong in its opinion that the processing of the raw berries into coffee beans ready for consumption would not be a manufacturing activity disentitling the assessee to the invest-ment allowance provided under section 32A of the Act. (Para 17)
Cases Reffered:
1. Deputy Commissioner of Sales Tax v. M/s. Pio Food Packers (1980 Supp. SCC 174) (Para 14)
JUDGEMENT:
Ashok Bhan, J.
1. Aggrieved by the judgment/order of the High Court, the asses-see-appellant has come up in appeal. By the impugned judgment, the High Court in a reference made under section 256(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 (for short, ‘the Act’) by the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, Cochin (for short ‘the Tribunal’) has an-swered the following question of law in the negative.
“Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the tribunal is right in law and fact in holding that the assessee’s activity of curing coffee amounts to manufacturing and the asses-see is entitled to relief under section 32A of the Income Tax Act?”
i.e. against the assessee and in favour of the revenue.
2. The High Court opined that the assessee is not entitled to the investment allowance under section 32A of the Act in respect of the machinery used for curing coffee and its sale.
3. The relevant facts giving rise to the above question of law are :
The assessment years in question are 1980-1981 and 1983-1984. The assessee is a public limited company. It is engaged in the export of coir products, distribution of insecticides and pesticides, running and managing of estates on service contracts. In addi-tion, the assessee has coffee curing plants. For the machinery installed for curing of the coffee, the assessee claimed invest-ment allowance under section 32A for both the assessment years. The income tax officer held that the assessee was not entitled to the investment allowance. Assessee preferred appeal before the commissioner of income tax (appeals) (for short ‘C.I.T. (appeals)) who allowed the appeals and held that the assessee was entitled to the investment allowance as provided under section 32A of the Act.
4. On further appeal by the revenue, the tribunal noticed that a similar issue had come before it in ITA No. 421/Coch/1984 in the assessee’s own case wherein the tribunal had held that the asses-see was entitled to the investment allowance. Following its earlier decision, the tribunal upheld the order of C.I.T. (ap-peals).
5. The matter was taken up in reference before the High Court. To ascertain the factual position as to what is meant by curing of coffee, the court directed
the counsel for the parties to produce the order of the tribunal for the earlier
assessment year, which was taken on record.
6. To appreciate as to what is understood by the word ‘coffee’ as is generally known in the commercial parlance, the High Court referred to the Encyclopedia Britannica, Volume 6 (1972 edition) and concluded that ‘coffee’ is a beverage made from the roasted seeds (beans) of the coffee plant. The said beverage is consumed as either a hot or cold drink and is considered to be having an invigorating effect. Coffee is prepared by either a dry or a wash process. In the dry process, known as natural process, the coffee cherries are thoroughly rinsed in water and then spread out on cement patios in the open air and sun to dry. After drying, the coffee is repeatedly run through fanning and hulling machines to remove the hulls, dried pulp and parchment. As against this, the wash process is quite different. In this process, the cherries are first put through a pulping machine that breaks them open and virtually squeezes the beans out of the pulpy skin. Such beans go into large tanks where they are left for about 24 hours. Fermen-tation in the process is avoided, because it loosens what is known as a jelly like substance understood as ‘honey’ in regard thereto. Even in this process, after washing, the coffee is spread out in patios to dry. It takes two to three weeks in the sun for the coffee to become thoroughly dried and during this time it requires shuffling and turning over so as to give suffi-cient natural heat depending on the climatic conditions.The usual expected aroma is available only after the process of roasting. Roasting also changes the colour giving it a brown colour and a consequent process of chemical change also. The process of roast-ing brings with its splendid aromatic qualities and pleasing taste.
7. It was noticed that the tribunal had inspected the factory premises to have a first-hand knowledge of the operations carried on by the assessee-company. The inspection was made by the trib-unal in the presence of both the parties through their represen-tatives. The factual observation of the tribunal as a result of the inspection found that following nine processes are involved in curing of coffee:
“(1) Receipt of coffee from the estates;
(2) Storage of coffee in covered godowns;
(3) Drying of coffee to the required standards prescribed by the coffee board in drying yards;
(4) Hulling/pealing/polishing;
(5) Grading of coffee mechanically;
(6) Colour sorting;
(7) Garbling and manual grading;
(8) Out-turning of garbled coffee; and
(9) Bulking”.
8. The tribunal also found that to deal with the nine processes, the assessee has the factory area where godowns for storage of uncured/clean coffee, coffee drying yards, machine rooms, gar-bling sheds, etc. are located.
9. Curing operations start with the drying of coffee in the drying yards in bright sunlight. Then comes the stage of hulling. It means, the outer husk of the coffee bean has to be carefully removed, if necessary, by mechanical operations to obtain coffee seeds which can further be processed. The tribunal found that in the hulling process pre-cleaning, destining, elimination of husk, separation of unhulled beans and polishing is done. Thereafter gradation is done. The process of gradation requires separation of good coffee for the purpose of grading by a process of what is known as garbling/manual grading. At times, the process of grada-tion is done by mechanical means as well. After grading the polishing is done on the basis of grading. The tribunal held that in this process, assessee was involved in the activity of manufac-turing the coffee beans from the raw material plucked from the plant.
10. The High Court accepted the factual matrix but in conclusion as to whether it amounts to manufacturing activity differed with the tribunal and held:
“We find that all the nine stages of the process do not show any kind of change or a commercially different commodity is not seen to be passing through the various stages of the process. It cannot be ignored that in common parlance, ‘coffee’ means, coffee powder, a beverage consumed as either a hot or cold drink. At no stage, this colour combination between manufacture and production has its manifestation”.
11. The relevant portion of section 32A is reproduced below:
“32A.(1) In respect of a ship or an aircraft or machinery or plant specified in sub-section (2), which is owned by the asses-see and is wholly used for the purposes of the business carried on by him, there shall, in accordance with and subject to the provisions of this section, be allowed a deduction, in respect of the previous year in which the ship or aircraft was acquired or the machinery or plant was installed or, if the ship, aircraft, machinery or plant is first put to use in the immediately succeeding previous year, then, in respect of that previous year, of a sum by way of investment allowance equal to twenty-five percent of the actual cost of the ship, aircraft, machinery or plant to the assessee:
Provided that no deduction shall be allowed under this section in respect of –
(a) xxx xxx xxx
(b) xxx xxx xxx
(c) xxx xxx xxx
(d) xxx xxx xxx
(2) The ship or aircraft or machinery or plant referred to in sub-section (1) shall be the following, namely :
(a) xxx xxx xxx
(b) xxx xxx xxx
(i) xxx xxx xxx
(ii) xxx xxx xxx
(iii) in any other industrial undertaking for the purposes of business of construction, manufacture or production of any arti-cle or thing, not being an article or thing specified in the list in the eleventh schedule.)”
12. The short point for consideration is whether the High Court was right in coming to the conclusion that the assessee was not involved in any manufacturing or production activity in the process of curing the coffee.
13. The word ‘manufacture’ has not been defined in the Act. In the absence of a definition of the word ‘manufacture’ it has to be given a meaning as is understood in common parlance. It is to be understood as meaning the production of articles for use from raw or prepared materials by giving such materials new forms, qualities or combinations whether by hand labour or machines. If the change made in the article results in a new and different article then it would amount to a manufacturing activity.
14. This Court while determining as to what would amount to a manufacturing activity held in Deputy Commissioner of Sales Tax v. M/s. Pio Food Packers (1980 Supp. SCC 174) that the test for determination whether manufacture can be said to have taken place is whether the commodity which is subjected to the process of manufacture can no longer be regarded as the original commodity, but is recognized in the trade as a new and distinct commodity. It was observed:
“Commonly manufacture is the end result of one or more processes through which the original commodity is made to pass. The nature and extent of processing may vary from one case to another, and indeed there may be several stages of processing and perhaps a different kind of processing at each stage. With each process suffered, the original commodity experience a change. But it is only when the change, or a series of changes, take the commodity to the point where commercially it can no longer be regarded as the original commodity but instead is recognized as a new and distinct article that a manufacture can be said to take place.”
15. Adverting to facts of the present case, the assessee after plucking or receiving the raw coffee berries makes it undergo nine processes to give it the shape of coffee beans. The net product is absolutely different and separate from the input. The change made in the article results in a new and different article which is recognized in the trade as a new and distinct commodity. The coffee beans have an independent identity distinct from raw material from which it was manufactured. A distinct change comes about in the finished product.
16. Submission of the learned counsel for the revenue that the assessee was doing only the processing work and was not involved in the manufacture and producing of a new article cannot be ac-cepted. The process is a manufacturing process when it brings out a complete transformation in the original article so as to pro-duce a commercially different article or commodity. That process itself may consist of several processes. The different processes are integrally connected which results in the production of a commercially different article. If a commercially different article or commodity results after processing then it would be a manufacturing activity. The assessee after processing the raw berries converts them into coffee beans which is commercially different commodity. Conversion of the raw berry into coffee beans would be a manufacturing activity.
17. For the reasons stated above, we are of the opinion that the High Court was wrong in its opinion that the processing of the raw berries into coffee beans ready for consumption would not be a manufacturing activity disentitling the assessee to the invest-ment allowance provided under section 32A of the Act.
18. Accordingly, the appeals are allowed with costs. The impugned order/judgment of the High Court is set aside and that of the tribunal is restored. The question of law is answered in the affirmative i.e. in favour of the assessee and against the reve-nue.
1. Aggrieved by the judgment/order of the High Court, the asses-see-appellant has come up in appeal. By the impugned judgment, the High Court in a reference made under section 256(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 (for short, ‘the Act’) by the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, Cochin (for short ‘the Tribunal’) has an-swered the following question of law in the negative.
“Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the tribunal is right in law and fact in holding that the assessee’s activity of curing coffee amounts to manufacturing and the asses-see is entitled to relief under section 32A of the Income Tax Act?”
i.e. against the assessee and in favour of the revenue.
2. The High Court opined that the assessee is not entitled to the investment allowance under section 32A of the Act in respect of the machinery used for curing coffee and its sale.
3. The relevant facts giving rise to the above question of law are :
The assessment years in question are 1980-1981 and 1983-1984. The assessee is a public limited company. It is engaged in the export of coir products, distribution of insecticides and pesticides, running and managing of estates on service contracts. In addi-tion, the assessee has coffee curing plants. For the machinery installed for curing of the coffee, the assessee claimed invest-ment allowance under section 32A for both the assessment years. The income tax officer held that the assessee was not entitled to the investment allowance. Assessee preferred appeal before the commissioner of income tax (appeals) (for short ‘C.I.T. (appeals)) who allowed the appeals and held that the assessee was entitled to the investment allowance as provided under section 32A of the Act.
4. On further appeal by the revenue, the tribunal noticed that a similar issue had come before it in ITA No. 421/Coch/1984 in the assessee’s own case wherein the tribunal had held that the asses-see was entitled to the investment allowance. Following its earlier decision, the tribunal upheld the order of C.I.T. (ap-peals).
5. The matter was taken up in reference before the High Court. To ascertain the factual position as to what is meant by curing of coffee, the court directed
the counsel for the parties to produce the order of the tribunal for the earlier
assessment year, which was taken on record.
6. To appreciate as to what is understood by the word ‘coffee’ as is generally known in the commercial parlance, the High Court referred to the Encyclopedia Britannica, Volume 6 (1972 edition) and concluded that ‘coffee’ is a beverage made from the roasted seeds (beans) of the coffee plant. The said beverage is consumed as either a hot or cold drink and is considered to be having an invigorating effect. Coffee is prepared by either a dry or a wash process. In the dry process, known as natural process, the coffee cherries are thoroughly rinsed in water and then spread out on cement patios in the open air and sun to dry. After drying, the coffee is repeatedly run through fanning and hulling machines to remove the hulls, dried pulp and parchment. As against this, the wash process is quite different. In this process, the cherries are first put through a pulping machine that breaks them open and virtually squeezes the beans out of the pulpy skin. Such beans go into large tanks where they are left for about 24 hours. Fermen-tation in the process is avoided, because it loosens what is known as a jelly like substance understood as ‘honey’ in regard thereto. Even in this process, after washing, the coffee is spread out in patios to dry. It takes two to three weeks in the sun for the coffee to become thoroughly dried and during this time it requires shuffling and turning over so as to give suffi-cient natural heat depending on the climatic conditions.The usual expected aroma is available only after the process of roasting. Roasting also changes the colour giving it a brown colour and a consequent process of chemical change also. The process of roast-ing brings with its splendid aromatic qualities and pleasing taste.
7. It was noticed that the tribunal had inspected the factory premises to have a first-hand knowledge of the operations carried on by the assessee-company. The inspection was made by the trib-unal in the presence of both the parties through their represen-tatives. The factual observation of the tribunal as a result of the inspection found that following nine processes are involved in curing of coffee:
“(1) Receipt of coffee from the estates;
(2) Storage of coffee in covered godowns;
(3) Drying of coffee to the required standards prescribed by the coffee board in drying yards;
(4) Hulling/pealing/polishing;
(5) Grading of coffee mechanically;
(6) Colour sorting;
(7) Garbling and manual grading;
(8) Out-turning of garbled coffee; and
(9) Bulking”.
8. The tribunal also found that to deal with the nine processes, the assessee has the factory area where godowns for storage of uncured/clean coffee, coffee drying yards, machine rooms, gar-bling sheds, etc. are located.
9. Curing operations start with the drying of coffee in the drying yards in bright sunlight. Then comes the stage of hulling. It means, the outer husk of the coffee bean has to be carefully removed, if necessary, by mechanical operations to obtain coffee seeds which can further be processed. The tribunal found that in the hulling process pre-cleaning, destining, elimination of husk, separation of unhulled beans and polishing is done. Thereafter gradation is done. The process of gradation requires separation of good coffee for the purpose of grading by a process of what is known as garbling/manual grading. At times, the process of grada-tion is done by mechanical means as well. After grading the polishing is done on the basis of grading. The tribunal held that in this process, assessee was involved in the activity of manufac-turing the coffee beans from the raw material plucked from the plant.
10. The High Court accepted the factual matrix but in conclusion as to whether it amounts to manufacturing activity differed with the tribunal and held:
“We find that all the nine stages of the process do not show any kind of change or a commercially different commodity is not seen to be passing through the various stages of the process. It cannot be ignored that in common parlance, ‘coffee’ means, coffee powder, a beverage consumed as either a hot or cold drink. At no stage, this colour combination between manufacture and production has its manifestation”.
11. The relevant portion of section 32A is reproduced below:
“32A.(1) In respect of a ship or an aircraft or machinery or plant specified in sub-section (2), which is owned by the asses-see and is wholly used for the purposes of the business carried on by him, there shall, in accordance with and subject to the provisions of this section, be allowed a deduction, in respect of the previous year in which the ship or aircraft was acquired or the machinery or plant was installed or, if the ship, aircraft, machinery or plant is first put to use in the immediately succeeding previous year, then, in respect of that previous year, of a sum by way of investment allowance equal to twenty-five percent of the actual cost of the ship, aircraft, machinery or plant to the assessee:
Provided that no deduction shall be allowed under this section in respect of –
(a) xxx xxx xxx
(b) xxx xxx xxx
(c) xxx xxx xxx
(d) xxx xxx xxx
(2) The ship or aircraft or machinery or plant referred to in sub-section (1) shall be the following, namely :
(a) xxx xxx xxx
(b) xxx xxx xxx
(i) xxx xxx xxx
(ii) xxx xxx xxx
(iii) in any other industrial undertaking for the purposes of business of construction, manufacture or production of any arti-cle or thing, not being an article or thing specified in the list in the eleventh schedule.)”
12. The short point for consideration is whether the High Court was right in coming to the conclusion that the assessee was not involved in any manufacturing or production activity in the process of curing the coffee.
13. The word ‘manufacture’ has not been defined in the Act. In the absence of a definition of the word ‘manufacture’ it has to be given a meaning as is understood in common parlance. It is to be understood as meaning the production of articles for use from raw or prepared materials by giving such materials new forms, qualities or combinations whether by hand labour or machines. If the change made in the article results in a new and different article then it would amount to a manufacturing activity.
14. This Court while determining as to what would amount to a manufacturing activity held in Deputy Commissioner of Sales Tax v. M/s. Pio Food Packers (1980 Supp. SCC 174) that the test for determination whether manufacture can be said to have taken place is whether the commodity which is subjected to the process of manufacture can no longer be regarded as the original commodity, but is recognized in the trade as a new and distinct commodity. It was observed:
“Commonly manufacture is the end result of one or more processes through which the original commodity is made to pass. The nature and extent of processing may vary from one case to another, and indeed there may be several stages of processing and perhaps a different kind of processing at each stage. With each process suffered, the original commodity experience a change. But it is only when the change, or a series of changes, take the commodity to the point where commercially it can no longer be regarded as the original commodity but instead is recognized as a new and distinct article that a manufacture can be said to take place.”
15. Adverting to facts of the present case, the assessee after plucking or receiving the raw coffee berries makes it undergo nine processes to give it the shape of coffee beans. The net product is absolutely different and separate from the input. The change made in the article results in a new and different article which is recognized in the trade as a new and distinct commodity. The coffee beans have an independent identity distinct from raw material from which it was manufactured. A distinct change comes about in the finished product.
16. Submission of the learned counsel for the revenue that the assessee was doing only the processing work and was not involved in the manufacture and producing of a new article cannot be ac-cepted. The process is a manufacturing process when it brings out a complete transformation in the original article so as to pro-duce a commercially different article or commodity. That process itself may consist of several processes. The different processes are integrally connected which results in the production of a commercially different article. If a commercially different article or commodity results after processing then it would be a manufacturing activity. The assessee after processing the raw berries converts them into coffee beans which is commercially different commodity. Conversion of the raw berry into coffee beans would be a manufacturing activity.
17. For the reasons stated above, we are of the opinion that the High Court was wrong in its opinion that the processing of the raw berries into coffee beans ready for consumption would not be a manufacturing activity disentitling the assessee to the invest-ment allowance provided under section 32A of the Act.
18. Accordingly, the appeals are allowed with costs. The impugned order/judgment of the High Court is set aside and that of the tribunal is restored. The question of law is answered in the affirmative i.e. in favour of the assessee and against the reve-nue.
