In the matter of : ‘K’, a Judicial Officer Vs.
EmailAppeal: Criminal Appeal No. 165 of 2001
(Arising out of SLP(Crl.) No.1466 of 2000)
(From the Judgment and Order dated 19.1.2000 of the Delhi High Court in Crl.M.No. 1984 of 1999)
(Arising out of SLP(Crl.) No.1466 of 2000)
(From the Judgment and Order dated 19.1.2000 of the Delhi High Court in Crl.M.No. 1984 of 1999)
Petitioner: In the matter of : ‘K’, a Judicial Officer
Respondent:
Apeal: Criminal Appeal No. 165 of 2001
(Arising out of SLP(Crl.) No.1466 of 2000)
(From the Judgment and Order dated 19.1.2000 of the Delhi High Court in Crl.M.No. 1984 of 1999)
(Arising out of SLP(Crl.) No.1466 of 2000)
(From the Judgment and Order dated 19.1.2000 of the Delhi High Court in Crl.M.No. 1984 of 1999)
Judges: DR. A.S. ANAND, CJI. & R.C. LAHOTI, J.
Date of Judgment: Aug 02, 2001
Appearances:
Mr. Kapil Sibal, Senior Advocate, Mr. R.P. Lao, Mr. Sanjay Lao, Mr. Chirag M. Shroff, Mr. M.N. Shroff, Advocates with him for the Appellant.
Mr. Sanjay K.Kaul, Senior Advocate, and Ms. A. Subhashini, Ad-vocate with him for the Respondents.
Head Note:
ADVERSE REMARKS/ JUDICIARY LAWS
Constitution
a) Articles 226, 136 – Adverse remarks by High Court while exercis-ing power of revision under Section 482 CrPC – Remedy with Judi-cial Officer. Held that judicial Officer can approach the High Court.
Held:
A subordinate judge faced with disparaging and undeserving remarks made by a Court of superior jurisdiction is not without any remedy. He may approach the High Court invoking its inherent jurisdiction seeking expunction of objectionable remarks which jurisdiction vests in the High Court by virtue of its being a court of record and possessing inherent powers as also the power of superintendence. (Para 10)
Cases Reffered:
1. A.M. Mathur v. Pramod Kumar Gupta (JT 1990 (1) SC 454 (Para 13)
2. Niranjan Patnaik v. Sashibhusan Kar and Anr. (1986 (2) SCR 569) (Para 9)
3. Dr.Raghubir Saran v. State of Bihar and Anr. (1964 (2) SCR 336) (Para 10)
4. State of Uttar Pra-desh v. Mohammad Naim (1964 (2) SCR 363) (Para 10)
5. Philip William Ravanshawe Hardless v. Gladys Isabel Hardless and Ors. (AIR 1940 Lahore 82) (Para )
6. Panchanan Banerji v. Upendra Nath Bhat-tacharji (AIR 1927 All 193)
2. Niranjan Patnaik v. Sashibhusan Kar and Anr. (1986 (2) SCR 569) (Para 9)
3. Dr.Raghubir Saran v. State of Bihar and Anr. (1964 (2) SCR 336) (Para 10)
4. State of Uttar Pra-desh v. Mohammad Naim (1964 (2) SCR 363) (Para 10)
5. Philip William Ravanshawe Hardless v. Gladys Isabel Hardless and Ors. (AIR 1940 Lahore 82) (Para )
6. Panchanan Banerji v. Upendra Nath Bhat-tacharji (AIR 1927 All 193)
JUDGEMENT:
R.C. Lahoti, J.
1. This special leave petition under Article 136 of the Constitu-tion of India filed by a judicial officer, seeks expunging of remarks detrimental to her, contained in the judgment of the High Court disposing of a criminal miscellaneous petition under Sec-tion 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 filed by the accused persons seeking quashing of certain criminal proceedings.
2. Leave granted.
3. The backdrop of events has an unusual setting. The appellant is a serving judicial Officer posted as Metropolitan Magistrate. The courtroom wherein the appellant held her court was not prop-erly furnished and not only her courtroom but other courtrooms located in the same building also seriously lacked in infrastruc-tural facilities and needed additions, alterations and improve-ments. The District Judge was persuading the State officials to do the needful. So far as the appellant is concerned her court-room needed a dais to be constructed. That was done during summer vacation when the appellant was away from the headquar-ters. On her return she found a mess of the work having been done by the PWD officials. According to the appellant the dais was made like a box. The Presiding Judge if seated on the dais would touch the ceiling fan on the head and while looking down from the dais, would not be able to see the arguing Counsel, the parties appearing and the staff seated in the court room. Attention of the District & Sessions Judge was invited who communicated with the officials concerned but they were non-responsive. As the work done by the PWD personnel caused an obstruction in the function-ing of the court, and yet they would not listen to reason, the appellant initiated proceedings calling upon certain officials to show cause why proceedings under the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 be not drawn up and a reference be not made to the High Court. During the pendency of these proceedings the PWD people chopped off a wooden piece forming part of the dais and removed the same. On these facts coming to the knowledge of the appellant she took cognizance of offences punishable under Sections 380, 201, 120-B of the Indian Penal Code and issued process requiring presence of the accused persons before her. The persons proceeded against preferred a petition under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure read with Article 227 of the Constitution seeking quashing of both the proceedings – one under the Contempt of Courts Act and the other in the criminal case wherein cog-nizance for substantive offences under the IPC was taken. During the pendency of the petition before the High Court, the learned Metropolitan Magistrate having felt satisfied by the response of the PWD officials, directed the notice under the Contempt of Courts Act to be discharged and to that extent the petition filed before the High Court was rendered infructuous. The hearing before the High Court then remained confined to the question of quashing the cognizance of the offences under Sections 380, 201, 120-B IPC taken by the learned Metropolitan Magistrate. After hearing the learned Counsel for the accused persons and the learned Counsel for the State, the High Court has directed the proceedings to be quashed. The operative part of the order of the High Court reads as under:-
“Thus prima facie, no offence either under Section 380 or 201 or 120B IPC is made out against the petitioners. (The manner in which the cognizance of the said offences came to be taken clear-ly suggest that the Magistrate wanted to rope in the petitioners in a criminal case in order to pressurise them to have the dais in court room no.8 and other civil work as noted in the petition carried out as desired by her) which matter could well be taken up by the Judge In charge………………………./District & Sessions Judge with the appropriate authority in CPWD on adminis-trative side. In passing the impugned order dated 1st July 1999 the Magistrate had thus exceeded the jurisdiction (defying all judicial norms). This order (being gross abuse of process of court), therefore, deserves to be set aside under Section 482 Cr.P.C. Having arrived at this conclusion it is not necessary to examine the plea raised on petitioner’s behalf regarding the applicability of Section 197 Cr.P.C.
Consequently, the petition is allowed and the criminal proceed-ings under Sections 380/201/120B IPC initiated against the peti-tioners by the Magistrate, are hereby quashed.”
4. With the abovesaid order the controversy so far as it related to the persons proceeded against, that is, the PWD officials has come to an end. But, the appellant is aggrieved by the observa-tions made by the High Court in its judicial order. The observa-tions grieving the appellant have been quoted with emphasis and placed into brackets by us.
5. During the course of hearing we were informed by Shri Kapil Sibal, the learned senior Counsel for the appellant that the observations so made in the judicial order of the High Court have found their way into the annual confidential records of the appellant and they are sure to affect her career ahead.
6. Several cases are coming to our notice wherein observations are being made against the members of subordinate judiciary in the orders of superior forums made on judicial side and judicial officers who made orders as presiding Judges of the subordinate courts are being driven to the necessity of filing appeals to this Court or petitions before the High Courts seeking expunging of remarks or observations made and sometimes strictures passed against them behind their back. We would therefore like to deal with a few aspects touching the making of observations or ad-verse comments against judicial officers and methodology to be followed if it becomes necessary.
7. A judge entrusted with the task of administering justice should be bold and feel fearless while acting judicially and giving expression to his views and constructing his judgment or order. It should be no deterrent to formation and expression of an honest opinion and acting thereon so long as it is within four-corners of law that any action taken by a subordinate judi-cial officer is open to scrutiny in judicial review before a superior forum with which its opinion may not meet approval and the superior court may upset his action or opinion. The availability of such fearlessness is essential for the main-tenance of judicial independence. However, sobriety, cool, calm and poise should be reflected in every action and expression of a judge.
8. The primary purpose of pronouncing a verdict is to dispose of the matter in controversy between the parties before it. A judge is not expected to drift away from pronouncing upon the contro-versy, to sitting in judgment over the conduct of the judicial and quasi-judicial authorities whose decisions or orders are put in issue before him, and indulge into criticising and commenting thereon unless the conduct of an authority or subordinate functionary or anyone else than the parties comes of necessity under review and expression of opinion thereon going to the extent of commenting or criticising becomes necessary as a part of reasoning requisite for arriving at a conclusion necessary for deciding the main controversy or it becomes necessary to have animadverted thereon for the purpose of arriving at a decision on an issue involved in the litigation. This applies with added force when the superior court is hearing an appeal or revision against an order of a subordinate judicial officer and feels inclined to animadvert on him. The wisdom of a superior judge itching for making observations on a subordinate judge before ventilating into expression must pause for a moment and read the Counsel of Cardozo – “Write an opinion, and read it a few years later when it is dissected in the briefs of Counsel. You will learn for the first time the limitations of the power of speech, or, if not those of speech in general, at all events your own. All sorts of gaps and obstacles and impediments will obtrude themselves before your gaze, as pitilessly manifest as the haz-ards on a golf course. Sometimes you will know that the fault is truly yours, in which event you can only smite your breast, and pray for deliverance thereafter.” (Essays on Jurisprudence, Columbia Law Review, 1963 at p.315).
9. The courts do have power to express opinion, make observations and even offer criticism on the conduct of anyone coming within their gaze of judicial review but the question is one of impel-ling need, justification and propriety. The following observa-tion by Sulaiman, J. in Panchanan Banerji v. Upendra Nath Bhat-tacharji (AIR 1927 All 193) was cited with approval before this Court in Niranjan Patnaik v. Sashibhusan Kar and Anr. (1986 (2) SCR 569):-
“The High Court, as the Supreme Court of revision, must be deemed to have power to see that Courts below do not unjustly and with-out any lawful excuse take away the character of a party or of a witness or of a Counsel before it.”
This Court went on to add :-
“It is, therefore, settled law that harsh or disparaging remarks are not to be made against persons and authorities whose conduct comes into consideration before Court of law unless it is really necessary for the decision of the case, as an integral part thereof to animadvert on that conduct. We hold that the adverse remarks made against the appellant were neither justified nor called for.
Having regard to the limited controversy in the appeal to the High Court and the hearsay nature of evidence of the appellant it was not at all necessary for the Appellate Judge to have animad-verted on the conduct of the appellant for the purpose of allow-ing the appeal of the first respondent. Even assuming that a serious evaluation of the evidence of the appellant was really called for in the appeal the remarks of the learned Appellate Judge should be in conformity with the settled practice of Courts to observe sobriety, moderation and reserve. We need only remind that the higher the forum and the greater the powers, the greater the need for restrain and the more mellowed the reproach should be.”
10. A subordinate judge faced with disparaging and undeserving remarks made by a Court of superior jurisdiction is not without any remedy. He may approach the High Court invoking its inherent jurisdiction seeking expunction of objectionable remarks which jurisdiction vests in the High Court by virtue of its being a court of record and possessing inherent powers as also the power of superintendence. This view is settled by the law laid down in Dr. Raghubir Saran v. State of Bihar and Anr. (1964 (2) SCR 336). However, if a similar relief is sought for against remarks or observations contained in judgment or order of High Court the aggrieved judicial Officer can, in exceptional cases, approach this Court also invoking its jurisdiction under Article 136 and/or 142 of the Constitution. With the law laid down by this Court in Dr. Raghubir Saran (supra) and the State of Uttar Pra-desh v. Mohammad Naim (1964 (2) SCR 363) it is well-settled that the power to expunge remarks exists for redressing a kind of grievance for which the law does not provide any other remedy in express terms though it is an extraordinary power. Any passage from an order or judgment may be expunged or directed to be expunged subject to satisfying the following tests :- (i) that the passage complained of is wholly irrelevant and unjustifiable; (ii) that its retention on the records will cause serious harm to the persons to whom it refers; (iii) that its expunction will not affect the reasons for the judgment or order.
11. Though the power to make remarks or observations is there but on being questioned, the exercise of power must withstand judi-cial scrutiny on the touchstone of following tests :- (a) wheth-er the party whose conduct is in question is before the Court or has an opportunity of explaining or defending himself; (b) wheth-er there is evidence on record bearing on that conduct justifying the remarks; and (c) whether it is necessary for the decision of the case, as an integral part thereof, to animadvert on that conduct. The overall test is that the criticism or observation must be judicial in nature
and should not formally depart from sobriety, moderation and reserve (See Mohammad Naim (supra) ).
12. It was so said by a Special Bench of three-Judges presided over by Tek Chand, J. in Philip William Ravanshawe Hardless v. Gladys Isabel Hardless and Ors. (AIR 1940 Lahore 82) :
“A passage which is not necessary to the conclusion of the Judge nor even necessary to his argument and is likely to militate seriously against party’s earning a living in his profession should be expunged from the judgment.”
13. In A.M. Mathur v. Pramod Kumar Gupta (JT 1990 (1) SC 454 = 1990 (2) SCC 533) this Court sounded a note of caution emphasising a general principle of highest importance to the proper administration of justice that derogatory remarks ought not to be made against persons or authorities whose conduct comes into consideration unless it is absolutely necessary for the decision of the case to animadvert on their conduct and said :-
“Judicial restraint and discipline are as necessary to the order-ly administration of justice as they are to the effectiveness of the army. The duty of restraint, this humility of function should be constant theme of our judges. This quality in decision making is as much necessary for judges to command respect as to protect the independence of the judiciary. Judicial restrain in this regard might better be called judicial respect, that is, respect by the judiciary. Respect to those who come before the court as well to other co-ordinate branches of the State, the Executive, and legislature. There must be mutual respect. When these qualities fail or when litigants and public believe that the judge has failed in these qualities, it will be neither good for the judge nor for the judicial process.”
14. In the case at hand we are concerned with the observations made by the High Court against a judicial Officer who is a serv-ing member of subordinate judiciary. Under the constitutional scheme control over the district courts and courts subordinate thereto has been vested in the High Courts. The control so vested is administrative, judicial and disciplinary. The role of High Court is also of a friend, philosopher and guide of judici-ary subordinate to it. The strength of power is not displayed solely in cracking a whip on errors, mistakes or failures; the power should be so wielded as to have propensity to prevent and to ensure exclusion of repetition if committed once innocently or unwittingly. “Pardon the error but not its repetition”. The power to control is not to be exercised solely by wielding a teacher’s cane; the members of subordinate judiciary look up at the High Court for the power to control to be exercised with parent-like care and affection. The exercise of statutory juris-diction, appellate or revisional and the exercise of constitu-tional power to control and supervise the functioning of the district courts and courts subordinate thereto empowers the High Court to formulate an opinion and place it on record not only on the judicial working but also on the conduct of the judicial officers. The existence of power in higher echelons of judiciary to make observations even extending to criticism incorporated in judicial orders cannot be denied, however, the High Courts have to remember that criticisms and observations touching a subor-dinate judicial officer incorporated in judicial pronouncements have their own mischievous infirmities. Firstly, the judicial officer is condemned unheard which is violative of principles of natural justice. A member of subordinate judiciary himself dispensing justice should not be denied this minimal natural justice so as to shield against being condemned unheard. Second-ly, the harm caused by such criticism or observation may be incapable of being undone. Such criticism of the judicial officer contained in a judgment, reportable or not, is a pronouncement in open and therefore becomes public. The same judge who found himself persuaded, sitting on judicial side, to make observations guided by the facts of a single case against a subordinate judge may, sitting on administrative side and apprised of overall meritorious performance of the subordinate judge, may irretriev-ably regret his having made those observations on judicial side the harming effect whereof even he himself cannot remove on administrative side. Thirdly, human nature being what it is, such criticism of a judicial Officer contained in the judgment of a higher court gives the litigating party a sense of victory not only over his opponent but also over the judge who had decided the case against him. This is subversive of judicial authority of the deciding judge. Fourthly, seeking expunging of the ob-servations by a judicial officer by filing an appeal or petition of his own reduces him to the status of a litigant arrayed as a party before the High Court or Supreme Court – a situation not very happy from the point of view of the functioning of the judicial system. May be for the purpose of pleading his cause he has to take the assistance of a legal practitioner and such legal practitioner may be one practising before him. Look at the embarrassment involved. And last but not the least, the pos-sibility of a single or casual aberration of an otherwise honest, upright and righteous judge being caught unaware in the net of adverse observations cannot be ruled out. Such an incident would have a seriously demoralising effect not only on him but also on his colleagues. If all this is avoidable why it should not be avoided?
15. We must not be understood as meaning that any conduct of a subordinate judicial officer unbecoming of him and demanding a rebuff should be simply overlooked. But there is an alternate safer and advisable course available to choose. The conduct of a judicial officer, unworthy of him, having come to the notice of a judge of the High Court hearing a matter on the judicial side, the lis may be disposed of by pronouncing upon the merits thereof as found by him but avoiding in the judicial pronouncement criti-cism of, or observations on the ‘conduct’ of the subordinate judicial officer who had decided the case under scrutiny. Simul-taneously but separately in-office proceedings may be drawn up inviting attention of Hon’ble Chief Justice to the facts de-scribing the conduct of the subordinate judge concerned by send-ing a confidential letter or note to the Chief Justice. It will thereafter be open to the Chief Justice to deal with the subor-dinate judicial officer either at his own level or through the inspecting judge or by placing the matter before the Full Court for its consideration. The action so taken would all be on the administrative side. The subordinate judge concerned would have an opportunity of clarifying his position or puttingforth the circumstances under which he acted. He would not be condemned unheard and if the decision be adverse to him, it being on administrative side, he would have some remedy available to him under the law. He would not be rendered remediless.
16. The remarks made in a judicial order of the High Court against a member of subordinate judiciary even if expunged would not completely restitute and restore the harmed judge from the loss of dignity and honour suffered by him. In ‘JUDGES’ by David Pannick (Oxford University Press Publication, 1987) a wholesome practise finds a mention suggesting an appropriate course to be followed in such situations:
“Lord Hailsham explained that in a number of cases, although I seldom told the complainant that I had done so, I showed the complaint to the judge concerned. I thought it good for him both to see what was being said about him from the other side of the court, and how perhaps a lapse of manners or a momentary impa-tience could undermine confidence in his decision.”
17. Though the learned author observes that such a private dis-cussion, uncommunicated to the complainant, would be unlikely to remove his sense of grievance, the resolution is to be found in the same book elsewhere in the following passage (though in a different context) :-
“Lord Bridge gave a similar explanation in 1984: ‘If one Judge in a thousand, acts dishonestly within his jurisdiction to the detri-ment of a party before him, it is less harmful to the health of society to leave that party without a remedy than that nine hundred and ninety-nine honest judges should be harassed by vexatious litigation alleging malice in the exercise of their proper jurisdiction’.”
18. Reverting back to the case at hand, may be that the learned Metropolitan Magistrate in initiating contempt proceedings and taking cognizance of substantive offences under the Indian Penal Code against the officials of Public Works Department was not properly advised or was at the worst indulging into a misadven-ture and therefore to the extent of quashing of the proceedings by the High Court we may not find fault and certainly no one has come up to this Court complaining against the merits of that part of the order of the High Court by which criminal proceedings have been quashed. Nevertheless, the ill advised move or misadventure of the learned Metropolitan Magistrate was neither a misconduct nor an outcome of malice. Though she acted in a way which did not meet the approval of the High Court, the facts and the cir-cumstances of the case point out that her only desire was to make her courtroom functional. Probably she felt aggrieved, rather agitated, by the apathy of the Public Works Department people who were taking the things too easy unmindful of the practical difficulties faced by the presiding judge occupying the courtroom and discharging judicial functions. The fact remains that the observations were made by the High Court without affording the Metropolitan Magistrate an opportunity of explaining or defending herself. The remarks were not necessary for the deci-sion of the case by the High
Court as an integral part thereof. Animadverting on the conduct of the learned Metropolitan Magis-trate was not a necessity for the exercise by the High Court of inherent power or the power of superintendence to quash the proceedings initiated by the learned Metropolitan Magistrate. Expunging of the remarks, as we propose to do, will not affect the reasons for the judgement of the High Court. On the other hand, the remarks have a potential to prejudice the career of the appellant.
19. We must place on record the very fair stand taken by Shri Sanjay Kaul, the learned senior Counsel for the High Court, who told us that he was instructed by the High Court to appear in deference to the notice issued by this Court and to offer such assistance as might be needed and any verdict which this Court may deliver shall be acceptable to it; the High Court neither opposes nor supports the appellant’s prayer; its stand is neu-tral.
20. For the foregoing reasons the petition is allowed. The following portions occurring in the judgment of the High Court are directed to be expunged :-
(The manner in which the cognizance of
the said offences came to be taken clearly suggest that the Magistrate wanted to rope in the petitioners in a criminal case in order to pressurise them to have the dais in court room no.8 and other civil work as noted in the petition carried out as desired by her)
(defying all judicial norms)
(being gross abuse of process of court)
21. The petition stands disposed of accordingly. Needless to say the abovesaid observations having been directed to be expunged if the said observations have percolated into the annual confiden-tial rolls of the learned Metropolitan Magistrate the same shall also stand expunged for the foundation thereof has itself ceased to exist.
1. This special leave petition under Article 136 of the Constitu-tion of India filed by a judicial officer, seeks expunging of remarks detrimental to her, contained in the judgment of the High Court disposing of a criminal miscellaneous petition under Sec-tion 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 filed by the accused persons seeking quashing of certain criminal proceedings.
2. Leave granted.
3. The backdrop of events has an unusual setting. The appellant is a serving judicial Officer posted as Metropolitan Magistrate. The courtroom wherein the appellant held her court was not prop-erly furnished and not only her courtroom but other courtrooms located in the same building also seriously lacked in infrastruc-tural facilities and needed additions, alterations and improve-ments. The District Judge was persuading the State officials to do the needful. So far as the appellant is concerned her court-room needed a dais to be constructed. That was done during summer vacation when the appellant was away from the headquar-ters. On her return she found a mess of the work having been done by the PWD officials. According to the appellant the dais was made like a box. The Presiding Judge if seated on the dais would touch the ceiling fan on the head and while looking down from the dais, would not be able to see the arguing Counsel, the parties appearing and the staff seated in the court room. Attention of the District & Sessions Judge was invited who communicated with the officials concerned but they were non-responsive. As the work done by the PWD personnel caused an obstruction in the function-ing of the court, and yet they would not listen to reason, the appellant initiated proceedings calling upon certain officials to show cause why proceedings under the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 be not drawn up and a reference be not made to the High Court. During the pendency of these proceedings the PWD people chopped off a wooden piece forming part of the dais and removed the same. On these facts coming to the knowledge of the appellant she took cognizance of offences punishable under Sections 380, 201, 120-B of the Indian Penal Code and issued process requiring presence of the accused persons before her. The persons proceeded against preferred a petition under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure read with Article 227 of the Constitution seeking quashing of both the proceedings – one under the Contempt of Courts Act and the other in the criminal case wherein cog-nizance for substantive offences under the IPC was taken. During the pendency of the petition before the High Court, the learned Metropolitan Magistrate having felt satisfied by the response of the PWD officials, directed the notice under the Contempt of Courts Act to be discharged and to that extent the petition filed before the High Court was rendered infructuous. The hearing before the High Court then remained confined to the question of quashing the cognizance of the offences under Sections 380, 201, 120-B IPC taken by the learned Metropolitan Magistrate. After hearing the learned Counsel for the accused persons and the learned Counsel for the State, the High Court has directed the proceedings to be quashed. The operative part of the order of the High Court reads as under:-
“Thus prima facie, no offence either under Section 380 or 201 or 120B IPC is made out against the petitioners. (The manner in which the cognizance of the said offences came to be taken clear-ly suggest that the Magistrate wanted to rope in the petitioners in a criminal case in order to pressurise them to have the dais in court room no.8 and other civil work as noted in the petition carried out as desired by her) which matter could well be taken up by the Judge In charge………………………./District & Sessions Judge with the appropriate authority in CPWD on adminis-trative side. In passing the impugned order dated 1st July 1999 the Magistrate had thus exceeded the jurisdiction (defying all judicial norms). This order (being gross abuse of process of court), therefore, deserves to be set aside under Section 482 Cr.P.C. Having arrived at this conclusion it is not necessary to examine the plea raised on petitioner’s behalf regarding the applicability of Section 197 Cr.P.C.
Consequently, the petition is allowed and the criminal proceed-ings under Sections 380/201/120B IPC initiated against the peti-tioners by the Magistrate, are hereby quashed.”
4. With the abovesaid order the controversy so far as it related to the persons proceeded against, that is, the PWD officials has come to an end. But, the appellant is aggrieved by the observa-tions made by the High Court in its judicial order. The observa-tions grieving the appellant have been quoted with emphasis and placed into brackets by us.
5. During the course of hearing we were informed by Shri Kapil Sibal, the learned senior Counsel for the appellant that the observations so made in the judicial order of the High Court have found their way into the annual confidential records of the appellant and they are sure to affect her career ahead.
6. Several cases are coming to our notice wherein observations are being made against the members of subordinate judiciary in the orders of superior forums made on judicial side and judicial officers who made orders as presiding Judges of the subordinate courts are being driven to the necessity of filing appeals to this Court or petitions before the High Courts seeking expunging of remarks or observations made and sometimes strictures passed against them behind their back. We would therefore like to deal with a few aspects touching the making of observations or ad-verse comments against judicial officers and methodology to be followed if it becomes necessary.
7. A judge entrusted with the task of administering justice should be bold and feel fearless while acting judicially and giving expression to his views and constructing his judgment or order. It should be no deterrent to formation and expression of an honest opinion and acting thereon so long as it is within four-corners of law that any action taken by a subordinate judi-cial officer is open to scrutiny in judicial review before a superior forum with which its opinion may not meet approval and the superior court may upset his action or opinion. The availability of such fearlessness is essential for the main-tenance of judicial independence. However, sobriety, cool, calm and poise should be reflected in every action and expression of a judge.
8. The primary purpose of pronouncing a verdict is to dispose of the matter in controversy between the parties before it. A judge is not expected to drift away from pronouncing upon the contro-versy, to sitting in judgment over the conduct of the judicial and quasi-judicial authorities whose decisions or orders are put in issue before him, and indulge into criticising and commenting thereon unless the conduct of an authority or subordinate functionary or anyone else than the parties comes of necessity under review and expression of opinion thereon going to the extent of commenting or criticising becomes necessary as a part of reasoning requisite for arriving at a conclusion necessary for deciding the main controversy or it becomes necessary to have animadverted thereon for the purpose of arriving at a decision on an issue involved in the litigation. This applies with added force when the superior court is hearing an appeal or revision against an order of a subordinate judicial officer and feels inclined to animadvert on him. The wisdom of a superior judge itching for making observations on a subordinate judge before ventilating into expression must pause for a moment and read the Counsel of Cardozo – “Write an opinion, and read it a few years later when it is dissected in the briefs of Counsel. You will learn for the first time the limitations of the power of speech, or, if not those of speech in general, at all events your own. All sorts of gaps and obstacles and impediments will obtrude themselves before your gaze, as pitilessly manifest as the haz-ards on a golf course. Sometimes you will know that the fault is truly yours, in which event you can only smite your breast, and pray for deliverance thereafter.” (Essays on Jurisprudence, Columbia Law Review, 1963 at p.315).
9. The courts do have power to express opinion, make observations and even offer criticism on the conduct of anyone coming within their gaze of judicial review but the question is one of impel-ling need, justification and propriety. The following observa-tion by Sulaiman, J. in Panchanan Banerji v. Upendra Nath Bhat-tacharji (AIR 1927 All 193) was cited with approval before this Court in Niranjan Patnaik v. Sashibhusan Kar and Anr. (1986 (2) SCR 569):-
“The High Court, as the Supreme Court of revision, must be deemed to have power to see that Courts below do not unjustly and with-out any lawful excuse take away the character of a party or of a witness or of a Counsel before it.”
This Court went on to add :-
“It is, therefore, settled law that harsh or disparaging remarks are not to be made against persons and authorities whose conduct comes into consideration before Court of law unless it is really necessary for the decision of the case, as an integral part thereof to animadvert on that conduct. We hold that the adverse remarks made against the appellant were neither justified nor called for.
Having regard to the limited controversy in the appeal to the High Court and the hearsay nature of evidence of the appellant it was not at all necessary for the Appellate Judge to have animad-verted on the conduct of the appellant for the purpose of allow-ing the appeal of the first respondent. Even assuming that a serious evaluation of the evidence of the appellant was really called for in the appeal the remarks of the learned Appellate Judge should be in conformity with the settled practice of Courts to observe sobriety, moderation and reserve. We need only remind that the higher the forum and the greater the powers, the greater the need for restrain and the more mellowed the reproach should be.”
10. A subordinate judge faced with disparaging and undeserving remarks made by a Court of superior jurisdiction is not without any remedy. He may approach the High Court invoking its inherent jurisdiction seeking expunction of objectionable remarks which jurisdiction vests in the High Court by virtue of its being a court of record and possessing inherent powers as also the power of superintendence. This view is settled by the law laid down in Dr. Raghubir Saran v. State of Bihar and Anr. (1964 (2) SCR 336). However, if a similar relief is sought for against remarks or observations contained in judgment or order of High Court the aggrieved judicial Officer can, in exceptional cases, approach this Court also invoking its jurisdiction under Article 136 and/or 142 of the Constitution. With the law laid down by this Court in Dr. Raghubir Saran (supra) and the State of Uttar Pra-desh v. Mohammad Naim (1964 (2) SCR 363) it is well-settled that the power to expunge remarks exists for redressing a kind of grievance for which the law does not provide any other remedy in express terms though it is an extraordinary power. Any passage from an order or judgment may be expunged or directed to be expunged subject to satisfying the following tests :- (i) that the passage complained of is wholly irrelevant and unjustifiable; (ii) that its retention on the records will cause serious harm to the persons to whom it refers; (iii) that its expunction will not affect the reasons for the judgment or order.
11. Though the power to make remarks or observations is there but on being questioned, the exercise of power must withstand judi-cial scrutiny on the touchstone of following tests :- (a) wheth-er the party whose conduct is in question is before the Court or has an opportunity of explaining or defending himself; (b) wheth-er there is evidence on record bearing on that conduct justifying the remarks; and (c) whether it is necessary for the decision of the case, as an integral part thereof, to animadvert on that conduct. The overall test is that the criticism or observation must be judicial in nature
and should not formally depart from sobriety, moderation and reserve (See Mohammad Naim (supra) ).
12. It was so said by a Special Bench of three-Judges presided over by Tek Chand, J. in Philip William Ravanshawe Hardless v. Gladys Isabel Hardless and Ors. (AIR 1940 Lahore 82) :
“A passage which is not necessary to the conclusion of the Judge nor even necessary to his argument and is likely to militate seriously against party’s earning a living in his profession should be expunged from the judgment.”
13. In A.M. Mathur v. Pramod Kumar Gupta (JT 1990 (1) SC 454 = 1990 (2) SCC 533) this Court sounded a note of caution emphasising a general principle of highest importance to the proper administration of justice that derogatory remarks ought not to be made against persons or authorities whose conduct comes into consideration unless it is absolutely necessary for the decision of the case to animadvert on their conduct and said :-
“Judicial restraint and discipline are as necessary to the order-ly administration of justice as they are to the effectiveness of the army. The duty of restraint, this humility of function should be constant theme of our judges. This quality in decision making is as much necessary for judges to command respect as to protect the independence of the judiciary. Judicial restrain in this regard might better be called judicial respect, that is, respect by the judiciary. Respect to those who come before the court as well to other co-ordinate branches of the State, the Executive, and legislature. There must be mutual respect. When these qualities fail or when litigants and public believe that the judge has failed in these qualities, it will be neither good for the judge nor for the judicial process.”
14. In the case at hand we are concerned with the observations made by the High Court against a judicial Officer who is a serv-ing member of subordinate judiciary. Under the constitutional scheme control over the district courts and courts subordinate thereto has been vested in the High Courts. The control so vested is administrative, judicial and disciplinary. The role of High Court is also of a friend, philosopher and guide of judici-ary subordinate to it. The strength of power is not displayed solely in cracking a whip on errors, mistakes or failures; the power should be so wielded as to have propensity to prevent and to ensure exclusion of repetition if committed once innocently or unwittingly. “Pardon the error but not its repetition”. The power to control is not to be exercised solely by wielding a teacher’s cane; the members of subordinate judiciary look up at the High Court for the power to control to be exercised with parent-like care and affection. The exercise of statutory juris-diction, appellate or revisional and the exercise of constitu-tional power to control and supervise the functioning of the district courts and courts subordinate thereto empowers the High Court to formulate an opinion and place it on record not only on the judicial working but also on the conduct of the judicial officers. The existence of power in higher echelons of judiciary to make observations even extending to criticism incorporated in judicial orders cannot be denied, however, the High Courts have to remember that criticisms and observations touching a subor-dinate judicial officer incorporated in judicial pronouncements have their own mischievous infirmities. Firstly, the judicial officer is condemned unheard which is violative of principles of natural justice. A member of subordinate judiciary himself dispensing justice should not be denied this minimal natural justice so as to shield against being condemned unheard. Second-ly, the harm caused by such criticism or observation may be incapable of being undone. Such criticism of the judicial officer contained in a judgment, reportable or not, is a pronouncement in open and therefore becomes public. The same judge who found himself persuaded, sitting on judicial side, to make observations guided by the facts of a single case against a subordinate judge may, sitting on administrative side and apprised of overall meritorious performance of the subordinate judge, may irretriev-ably regret his having made those observations on judicial side the harming effect whereof even he himself cannot remove on administrative side. Thirdly, human nature being what it is, such criticism of a judicial Officer contained in the judgment of a higher court gives the litigating party a sense of victory not only over his opponent but also over the judge who had decided the case against him. This is subversive of judicial authority of the deciding judge. Fourthly, seeking expunging of the ob-servations by a judicial officer by filing an appeal or petition of his own reduces him to the status of a litigant arrayed as a party before the High Court or Supreme Court – a situation not very happy from the point of view of the functioning of the judicial system. May be for the purpose of pleading his cause he has to take the assistance of a legal practitioner and such legal practitioner may be one practising before him. Look at the embarrassment involved. And last but not the least, the pos-sibility of a single or casual aberration of an otherwise honest, upright and righteous judge being caught unaware in the net of adverse observations cannot be ruled out. Such an incident would have a seriously demoralising effect not only on him but also on his colleagues. If all this is avoidable why it should not be avoided?
15. We must not be understood as meaning that any conduct of a subordinate judicial officer unbecoming of him and demanding a rebuff should be simply overlooked. But there is an alternate safer and advisable course available to choose. The conduct of a judicial officer, unworthy of him, having come to the notice of a judge of the High Court hearing a matter on the judicial side, the lis may be disposed of by pronouncing upon the merits thereof as found by him but avoiding in the judicial pronouncement criti-cism of, or observations on the ‘conduct’ of the subordinate judicial officer who had decided the case under scrutiny. Simul-taneously but separately in-office proceedings may be drawn up inviting attention of Hon’ble Chief Justice to the facts de-scribing the conduct of the subordinate judge concerned by send-ing a confidential letter or note to the Chief Justice. It will thereafter be open to the Chief Justice to deal with the subor-dinate judicial officer either at his own level or through the inspecting judge or by placing the matter before the Full Court for its consideration. The action so taken would all be on the administrative side. The subordinate judge concerned would have an opportunity of clarifying his position or puttingforth the circumstances under which he acted. He would not be condemned unheard and if the decision be adverse to him, it being on administrative side, he would have some remedy available to him under the law. He would not be rendered remediless.
16. The remarks made in a judicial order of the High Court against a member of subordinate judiciary even if expunged would not completely restitute and restore the harmed judge from the loss of dignity and honour suffered by him. In ‘JUDGES’ by David Pannick (Oxford University Press Publication, 1987) a wholesome practise finds a mention suggesting an appropriate course to be followed in such situations:
“Lord Hailsham explained that in a number of cases, although I seldom told the complainant that I had done so, I showed the complaint to the judge concerned. I thought it good for him both to see what was being said about him from the other side of the court, and how perhaps a lapse of manners or a momentary impa-tience could undermine confidence in his decision.”
17. Though the learned author observes that such a private dis-cussion, uncommunicated to the complainant, would be unlikely to remove his sense of grievance, the resolution is to be found in the same book elsewhere in the following passage (though in a different context) :-
“Lord Bridge gave a similar explanation in 1984: ‘If one Judge in a thousand, acts dishonestly within his jurisdiction to the detri-ment of a party before him, it is less harmful to the health of society to leave that party without a remedy than that nine hundred and ninety-nine honest judges should be harassed by vexatious litigation alleging malice in the exercise of their proper jurisdiction’.”
18. Reverting back to the case at hand, may be that the learned Metropolitan Magistrate in initiating contempt proceedings and taking cognizance of substantive offences under the Indian Penal Code against the officials of Public Works Department was not properly advised or was at the worst indulging into a misadven-ture and therefore to the extent of quashing of the proceedings by the High Court we may not find fault and certainly no one has come up to this Court complaining against the merits of that part of the order of the High Court by which criminal proceedings have been quashed. Nevertheless, the ill advised move or misadventure of the learned Metropolitan Magistrate was neither a misconduct nor an outcome of malice. Though she acted in a way which did not meet the approval of the High Court, the facts and the cir-cumstances of the case point out that her only desire was to make her courtroom functional. Probably she felt aggrieved, rather agitated, by the apathy of the Public Works Department people who were taking the things too easy unmindful of the practical difficulties faced by the presiding judge occupying the courtroom and discharging judicial functions. The fact remains that the observations were made by the High Court without affording the Metropolitan Magistrate an opportunity of explaining or defending herself. The remarks were not necessary for the deci-sion of the case by the High
Court as an integral part thereof. Animadverting on the conduct of the learned Metropolitan Magis-trate was not a necessity for the exercise by the High Court of inherent power or the power of superintendence to quash the proceedings initiated by the learned Metropolitan Magistrate. Expunging of the remarks, as we propose to do, will not affect the reasons for the judgement of the High Court. On the other hand, the remarks have a potential to prejudice the career of the appellant.
19. We must place on record the very fair stand taken by Shri Sanjay Kaul, the learned senior Counsel for the High Court, who told us that he was instructed by the High Court to appear in deference to the notice issued by this Court and to offer such assistance as might be needed and any verdict which this Court may deliver shall be acceptable to it; the High Court neither opposes nor supports the appellant’s prayer; its stand is neu-tral.
20. For the foregoing reasons the petition is allowed. The following portions occurring in the judgment of the High Court are directed to be expunged :-
(The manner in which the cognizance of
the said offences came to be taken clearly suggest that the Magistrate wanted to rope in the petitioners in a criminal case in order to pressurise them to have the dais in court room no.8 and other civil work as noted in the petition carried out as desired by her)
(defying all judicial norms)
(being gross abuse of process of court)
21. The petition stands disposed of accordingly. Needless to say the abovesaid observations having been directed to be expunged if the said observations have percolated into the annual confiden-tial rolls of the learned Metropolitan Magistrate the same shall also stand expunged for the foundation thereof has itself ceased to exist.
