C.M.C. Ltd. Vs. Unit Trust of India and Ors.
Email(Arising out of SLP (C) No. 69 of 2004)
[From the final Judgment and Order dated 3.10.2003 of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay in W.P. No. 23/2003]
(Arising out of SLP (C) No. 69 of 2004)
[From the final Judgment and Order dated 3.10.2003 of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay in W.P. No. 23/2003]
Mr. Gopal Subramanium, ASG, Mr. Aslam Ahmed and Mr. Avijit Bhattacharjee, Advocates with him for the Respondents.
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
Section 11 (6) – Commercial disputes – Resolution by arbitration – Parties to a contract agreeing to resolve disputes arising from the contract through arbitration in terms of the Rules of the Indian Council of Arbitration -Arbitration clause providing for nomination of one arbitrator by each of the party and nominated members to appoint an umpire – Disputes having arisen between them respondent nominating an arbitrator and asking the appellant to nominate its arbitrator – Appellant not agreeing for the proposal of respondent – Respondent accordingly moving the court – Appellant resisting the application – On the direction of the court naming its arbitrator without prejudice to its contentions in the appeal – In the appeal appellant taking the stand that the arbitration clause had not been properly invoked and that there was no occasion for the court to exercise its powers under Section 11 – High Court ultimately holding that merely because the parties agreed to follow the ICA Rules that did not take away the rights of the parties with regard to appointment of the arbitrator. Dismissing further appeal held that retention by the parties of the power to appoint arbitrators did not militate against the ICA Rules and as such the Arbitral Tribunal having been validly constituted was competent to proceed further and resolve the disputes.
We find no infirmity in the interpretation of the arbitration agreement by the designated Judge and in the constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal as presently constituted. We are also inclined to think that no prejudice is caused to the appellant and no injustice is involved in the constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal. We therefore affirm the order of the designated Judge and dismiss this appeal. We expect the Arbitral Tribunal to enter upon the reference without any further delay and pronounce its award within nine months of its entering upon the reference. (Para 9)
2. Gesellschaft Fur Biotechnologische Forschun GMBH v. Kopran Laboratories Ltd. and Anr. [2004 (13) SCC 630] (Para 8)
3. Food Corporation of India v. Indian Council of Arbitration and Ors. [JT 2003 (5) SC 480] (Para 8)
Leave granted.
1. The appellant and respondent No. 1 entered into an agreement dated 23.10.1992 for a Technology Upgrade Project of the latter. The said agreement contained an arbitration clause. The same read:
’20. In the event of any dispute or difference relating to the interpretation or application of any of the provision of this Agreement or as to the performance of any obligation by either party shall be settled by arbitration. Each party shall appoint an arbitrator and the arbitrators so appointed shall appoint an umpire to whom the matter on which the arbitrators disagree will be referred. The decision of the arbitrators and in the event of there being disagreement between the arbitrators, the decision of the umpire shall be final, conclusive and binding on the parties with respect to the matter referred to arbitration. The decision of the arbitrators or the umpire as the case may be shall constitute arbitrators award for the purpose of Indian Arbitration Act, 1940. The arbitration proceedings shall be conducted in accordance with the rules prescribed by the Indian Council of Arbitration.’
2. Disputes arose between the parties. On 16.5.2002, respondent no. 1 issued a notice invoking the arbitration clause and calling upon the appellant to refer the dispute and differences to be settled through arbitration in terms of the arbitration agreement. Respondent No. 1 named an arbitrator with the suggestion that he may be accepted as the sole arbitrator. But, if the appellant was not willing to treat him as such, it was stated that the arbitrator named by respondent No. 1 may be treated as the one appointed by it in terms of the arbitration agreement and in that event, the appellant was called upon to name its arbitrator and the said two arbitrators can then appoint a Presiding arbitrator. The appellant replied
stating that the parties have agreed to follow the Rules prescribed by the Indian Council of Arbitration by incorporating the said Rules by reference in the arbitration clause and since respondent No. 1 had not acted in terms of the said Rules, the appellant regretted its inability to accept the stand of respondent No. 1 or to appoint an arbitrator in terms of the arbitration agreement. The appellant regretted its inability to act on the basis of the notice issued by respondent no.1.
3. Respondent no. 1 thereupon moved the Chief Justice of the High Court under Section 11(6) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. Respondent no.1 contended that the appellant had failed to act in terms of the procedure for appointment of an arbitrator and hence the Chief Justice or his Judge designate, may appoint an arbitrator to act along with the arbitrator named by respondent No.1 and direct the two arbitrators to appoint the third, a Presiding Arbitrator, within the time fixed and to refer all disputes and differences between respondent no.1 and the appellant arising out of or in connection with the Technology Upgrade Agreement as per the provisions of the Act. The appellant resisted the application essentially pleading that the Rules of the Indian Council of Arbitration and the mandate thereof had not been complied with by the applicant before the Chief Justice and that the arbitration clause had not been properly invoked and there is no failure on the part of the appellant herein to act in accordance with the procedure accepted by the parties. No occasion had therefore arisen for the Chief Justice to appoint an arbitrator in terms of Section 11(6) of the Act. It is said that the appellant as directed by the court had named an arbitrator without prejudice to its contentions and it is common ground before us that the said two arbitrators have also named the Presiding Arbitrator and an Arbitral Tribunal had come into existence, but subject to the decision in this appeal filed by the appellant.
4. The learned designated Judge of the High Court held that on a true construction of clause 20 of the Agreement which is the arbitration agreement, the right or duty to
appoint or name an arbitrator each, rested with the parties to the contract and what was provided for in the arbitration agreement was only regarding the following of the procedure of the Rules of the Indian Council of Arbitration. The arbitration agreement did not contemplate the appointment of the arbitrator to be as per the Rules of the Indian Council of Arbitration or only from the panel of arbitrators maintained by the Council. Thus, on a construction of the arbitration agreement in the light of the decisions brought to his notice, the designated Judge, noticing that the appellant had also named an arbitrator without prejudice to its contentions and that the two arbitrators had nominated a Presiding Arbitrator
and that Tribunal can proceed to arbitrate on the dispute allowed the application and constituted the Tribunal as chosen by the parties. The designated Judge also noticed that the question about the jurisdiction of the Arbitral Tribunal could be decided by the Tribunal itself.
5. It may be noted that his decision was rendered before this Court spoke on the nature of the jurisdiction of the Chief Justice or of the designated Judge in SBP and Co. v. Patel Engineering Ltd. and Anr.1 and held it as a judicial function.The appellant therefore, filed a petition under Article 226 of the Constitution of India challenging the decision of the designated Judge, on the basis that the said order was only an administrative order. The Division Bench held that in view of the restricted jurisdiction that the court had in such matters and in the absence of any injury of any kind to the appellant, there was no reason to interfere with the decision of the designated Judge merely because a writ petition was maintainable to challenge the same. The Petition for Special Leave to appeal was filed originally challenging the decision of the Division Bench in the writ petition. But subsequent to the decision in SBP and Company (supra), the appellant was permitted to convert the Petition for Special Leave to Appeal as one challenging the order of the designated Judge and pursue its challenge thereto directly in this Court. Thus, this appeal challenges the decision of the designated Judge interpreting the arbitration clause quoted above and holding that the parties retained the right to nominate the respective arbitrators and there was no obligation on any of the parties to choose only an arbitrator as per the Rules of Arbitration of the Indian Council of Arbitration or to proceed only in terms of those Rules for appointment of an arbitrator.
6. It is settled that getting resolution of a dispute by arbitration is a matter of contract between the parties. So long as the contract does not militate against the provisions of the Arbitration Act, nothing in law prevents the arbitration agreement between the parties being given effect to in full. What is contended by learned counsel for the appellant is that the arbitration agreement clearly specifies that ‘the arbitration proceedings shall be conducted in accordance with the Rules prescribed by the Indian Council of Arbitration’ and this would mean that the procedure for appointment of an arbitrator and making a claim for arbitration must all be in terms of the Rules of the Indian Council of Arbitration. Learned counsel points out that under Rule 15 any party wishing to commence arbitration proceedings under the Rules of the Council had to give a notice of the request for arbitration to the Registrar of Indian Council of Arbitration and to the opposite party and had to follow the procedure laid down in those Rules. Learned counsel submits that the Rules of the Indian Council of Arbitration had been incorporated in the arbitration agreement by the parties and any mode of exercise of right for invoking an arbitration clause other than the one prescribed by the Rules of the Council would be futile. Therefore, the notice issued on behalf of respondent No.1 intimating the appellant of the appointment of an arbitrator and calling upon the appellant to appoint an arbitrator, would not amount to a proper invocation of the arbitration agreement and there is no failure on the part of the appellant to follow the procedure agreed to between the parties for appointment of an arbitrator resulting in conferment of jurisdiction on the Chief Justice to appoint an arbitrator in terms of Section 11(6) of the Act. In this context, we may specifically record that the learned counsel for the appellant agreed that the arbitration was governed by the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. Respondent No.1 had, of course, invoked that very Act.
7. Even going by the Rules of arbitration of the Indian Council of Arbitration, it is seen that the parties are not precluded from having a different procedure for appointment
of an arbitrator. The Rules, even at the inception, suggests the incorporation by the parties of an arbitration clause in writing in their contracts in the following terms:
‘Any dispute or difference whatsoever arising between the parties out of or relating to the construction, meaning, scope operation or effect of this contract or the validity or the breach thereof shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Rules of Arbitration of the Indian Council of Arbitration and the award made in pursuance thereof shall be binding on the parties.’
Rule 4(c) which is relevant reads:
‘In case the parties have provided a different procedure for appointment of arbitrator or schedule of cost including the arbitrator’s fee, the Council shall not be bound to process the case unless both the parties agree to follow entire procedure or arbitration under Rules of Arbitration of the Council.’
It is clear from the comparison of the arbitration agreement suggested by the council and the arbitration agreement between the parties, that the arbitration agreement between the parties substantially differs from the one suggested by the Indian Council of Arbitration. Secondly, Rule 4(c) is specific that in case the parties had provided a different procedure for appointment of an arbitrator, the Council was not bound to process the case unless both the parties agreed to follow the entire procedure or Arbitration Rules of the Council. Obviously, a different procedure for appointment of an arbitrator or arbitrators had been agreed to by the parties and respondent No.1 had obviously not agreed to follow the entire procedure or have an arbitration under the Rules of the Council. Therefore, even if one were to apply the Rules, it is difficult to accept the argument that respondent No.1 was bound to invoke the Rules of the Council to put in motion an effective machinery for arbitration.
8. Learned counsel has referred to the decisions in Food Corporation of India v. Indian Council of Arbitration and Ors.1 and in Gesellschaft Fur Biotechnologische Forschun GMBH v. Kopran Laboratories Ltd. and Anr.2 in support of his submission that respondent No.1 was bound to proceed in terms of the Rules of the Council. But on a scrutiny of those decisions, it is clear that the arbitration clauses in those cases were substantially in conformity with the model arbitration clause prescribed by the Council as quoted earlier and it was in that context that this Court observed that the Rules of the Council must be followed. The very appointment of the Arbitral Tribunal was to be according to those Rules. But in this case, it is clear that the arbitration clause differs considerably from the agreements involved in those cases and the parties retained in themselves the right to appoint the arbitrators. Hence, those decisions cannot be relied on for the purpose of non-suiting respondent no.1.
9. The argument that there is an incorporation of the Rules of the Council in the arbitration agreement and hence those Rules must be given effect to fully, does not take the appellant far in this case. On a true construction of the arbitration agreement, what we find is that the parties retained in themselves the right to name an arbitrator of their own, who in turn had to name a Presiding Arbitrator so as to constitute an Arbitral Tribunal. The power to appoint has not been ceded to the Indian Council of Arbitration. Once the appointments are made and the Arbitral Tribunals are constituted, the parties have also agreed that the arbitration proceedings shall be conducted in accordance with the Rules prescribed by the Indian Council of Arbitration. The provision that the proceedings shall be conducted in accordance with the Rules prescribed by the Indian Council of Arbitration does not in any manner militate against the retention of the power by the parties of appointing an arbitrator or constituting an Arbitral Tribunal. Only if there exists any inconsistency between the two provisions we would be called upon to undertake the existence of reading down one or ignoring one as ineffective or inconsistent and giving effect to the other. Here in this case, there is no difficulty in reconciling both the clauses in the arbitration agreement. As we have noticed, resolution of disputes by way of arbitration is a matter of agreement between the parties. If while contemplating such a resolution of disputes they also retain in themselves the power to constitute an Arbitral Tribunal, it cannot be said that there is anything wrong in such a provision or that the same cannot be given effect to. Therefore, the power retained by the parties to name an arbitrator each, does not militate either against the provisions of the Act or against the Rules of the Indian Council of Arbitration. That Arbitral Tribunal once constituted in terms of the Act, may have to follow the Rules of Indian Council of Arbitration in that behalf. But as rightly pointed out by the learned Additional Solicitor General who appeared on behalf of respondent no.1, when an Arbitral Tribunal of persons well versed in law is constituted, surely, a proper procedure will be followed by them and there is no reason to insist on a particular procedure to be followed. But obviously, it is not a matter on which we need pronounce now. Suffice it to say, that we find no infirmity in the interpretation of the arbitration agreement by the designated Judge and in the constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal as presently constituted. We are also inclined to think that no prejudice is caused to the appellant and no injustice is involved in the constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal. We therefore affirm the order of the designated Judge and dismiss this appeal. We expect the Arbitral Tribunal to enter upon the reference without any further delay and pronounce its award within nine months of its entering upon the reference.
10. The appeal is thus dismissed with the above expectation. The parties are directed to suffer their respective costs.
