Bikau Pandey & Ors. Vs. State of Bihar
EmailAppeal: Criminal Appeal Nos. 104-106 of 2003
(From the Judgement and Order dated 3.9.2002 of the Patna High Court in Crl.A.(DB) Nos.303, 352 and 364 of 1987)
(From the Judgement and Order dated 3.9.2002 of the Patna High Court in Crl.A.(DB) Nos.303, 352 and 364 of 1987)
Petitioner: Bikau Pandey & Ors.
Respondent: State of Bihar
Apeal: Criminal Appeal Nos. 104-106 of 2003
(From the Judgement and Order dated 3.9.2002 of the Patna High Court in Crl.A.(DB) Nos.303, 352 and 364 of 1987)
(From the Judgement and Order dated 3.9.2002 of the Patna High Court in Crl.A.(DB) Nos.303, 352 and 364 of 1987)
Judges: DORAISWAMY RAJU & ARIJIT PASAYAT, JJ.
Date of Judgment: Nov 25, 2003
Appearances:
Mr. P.S.Mishra, Senior Advocate, Mr. Tathagat H. Vardhan, Mr. Amitesh C. Mishra, Mr.Vishnu Sharma, Mr. Tarun Kr. Jha, Mr. C.D.Singh, Advocates with him for the Appellants.
Mr. B.B.Singh and Mr. Kumar Rajesh Singh, Advocates for the Respondent.
Mr. B.B.Singh and Mr. Kumar Rajesh Singh, Advocates for the Respondent.
Head Note:
PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE
Juvenile Justice Act, 1986
Section 2 – Indian Penal Code, 1860 – Section 302/149 – Plea of accused being child – Murder case – Juvenile Act had not come into force by then – Claim made and decision rendered that accused was not a child. Orders becoming final – No question during trial and before High Court. Held that same cannot be allowed to be raised before Supreme Court. (Para 6)
Juvenile Justice Act, 1986
Section 2 – Indian Penal Code, 1860 – Section 302/149 – Plea of accused being child – Murder case – Juvenile Act had not come into force by then – Claim made and decision rendered that accused was not a child. Orders becoming final – No question during trial and before High Court. Held that same cannot be allowed to be raised before Supreme Court. (Para 6)
Indian Penal Code, 1860
Section 302/149 – Murder trial – Out of 15 accused, three acquitted – Effect. Held that acquittal of some will not come to rescue of the others. (Para 8)
CRIMINAL LAW
Indian Penal Code, 1860
Section 149 – Applicability – Scope and object – Constructive liability – When arises – Mere presence – If sufficient – Overt act – If necessary – Phrase “in prosecution of common object” – Connotation – Distinction with “common intention” – Proof of common object. Held that mere presence will not render a person liable unless there is a common object and such person is actuated by said object.
Held:
Mere presence in an unlawful assembly cannot render a person liable unless there was a common object and he was actuated by that common object and that object is one of those set out in section 141. It cannot be laid down as a general proposition of law that unless an overt act is proved against a person, who is alleged to be a member of unlawful assembly, it cannot be said that he is a member of an assembly. The only thing required is that he should have understood that the assembly was unlawful and was likely to commit any of the acts which fall within the purview of section 141. A common object may be formed by express agreement after mutual consultation, but that is by no means necessary. (Para 10)
The expression ‘in prosecution of common object’ as appearing in section 149 have to be strictly construed as equivalent to ‘in order to attain the common object’. It must be immediately connected with the common object by virtue of the nature of the object. There must be community of object and the object may exist only up to a particular stage, and not thereafter. Members of an unlawful assembly may have community of object up to certain point beyond which they may differ in their objects and the knowledge, possessed by each member of what is likely to be committed in prosecution of their common object, may vary not only according to the information at his command, but also according to the extent to which he shares the community of object, and as a consequence of this the effect of section 149, IPC may be different on different members of the same assembly. (Para 10)
‘Common object’ is different from a ‘common intention’ as it does not require a prior concert and a common meeting of minds before the attack. It is enough if each has the same object in view and their number is five or more and that they act as an assembly to achieve that object. It may be gathered from the course of conduct adopted by the members of the assembly. For determination of the common object of the unlawful assembly, the conduct of each of the members of the unlawful assembly, before and at the time of attack and thereafter, the motive for the crime, are some of the relevant considerations. The time of forming an unlawful intent is not material. An assembly which, at its commencement or even for some time thereafter, is lawful, may subsequently become unlawful. In other words it can develop during the course of incident at the spot co instanti. (Para 11)
Though no hard and fast rule can be laid down under the circumstances from which the common object can be culled out, it may reasonably be collected from the nature of the assembly, arms it carries and behaviour at or before or after the scene of incident. The word ‘knew’ used in the second branch of the section implies something more than a possibility and it cannot be made to bear the sense of ‘might have been known’. Positive knowledge is necessary. When an offence is committed in prosecution of the common object, it would generally be an offence which the members of the unlawful assembly knew was likely to be committed in prosecution of the common object. (Para 12)
Cases Reffered:
1. Chandra Bihari Gautam and Ors. v. State of Bihar (JT 2002 (4) SC 62) (Para 18)
2. Leela Ram (dead) through Duli Chand v. State of Haryana and Anr. (JT 1999 (8) SC 274) (Para 13)
3. State of Karnataka v. K Yarappa Reddy (JT 1999 (8) SC 10) (Para 14)
4. Ramanbhai Naranbhai Patel and Ors. v. State of Gujarat JT 1999 (9) SC 319) (Para 18)
5. State of Rajasthan v. Kishore (JT 1996 (2) SC 595) (Para 14)
6. Duli Chand v. Delhi Administration (1975 (4) SCC 469) (Para 18)
7. Ramnik Lal Gokaldas and Ors. v. The State of Gujarat (1976 (1) SCC 6) (Para 18)
8. Mst. Dalbir Kaur and Ors. v. State of Punjab (1976 (4) SCC 158) (Para 18)
9. Chikkarange Gowda and others v. State of Mysore (AIR 1956 SC 731) (Para 12)
2. Leela Ram (dead) through Duli Chand v. State of Haryana and Anr. (JT 1999 (8) SC 274) (Para 13)
3. State of Karnataka v. K Yarappa Reddy (JT 1999 (8) SC 10) (Para 14)
4. Ramanbhai Naranbhai Patel and Ors. v. State of Gujarat JT 1999 (9) SC 319) (Para 18)
5. State of Rajasthan v. Kishore (JT 1996 (2) SC 595) (Para 14)
6. Duli Chand v. Delhi Administration (1975 (4) SCC 469) (Para 18)
7. Ramnik Lal Gokaldas and Ors. v. The State of Gujarat (1976 (1) SCC 6) (Para 18)
8. Mst. Dalbir Kaur and Ors. v. State of Punjab (1976 (4) SCC 158) (Para 18)
9. Chikkarange Gowda and others v. State of Mysore (AIR 1956 SC 731) (Para 12)
JUDGEMENT:
ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.
1. Fifteen persons faced trial for alleged commission of offences punishable under section 302 read with sections 149, 148 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (for short the ‘IPC’). Accused no.9 (appellant no.5 in the present appeals) additionally faced trial for offence punishable under section 27 of the Arms Act, 1959 (in short the ‘Arms Act’). Accused no.2 Mahendra Rai (appellant no.8 in the present appeals) who was separately charged for offence punishable under section 302 IPC was acquitted of the said charge but instead was convicted as afore-noted in terms of section 302 read with section 149 IPC. Out of the 15 accused persons, two were acquitted and three died during pendency of the appeals before the High Court.
2. Prosecution version as unfolded during trial and which formed the foundation of the prosecution case is essentially as follows:
On 17.8.1983, one Sarjug Rai (hereinafter referred to as the ‘deceased’) lost his life allegedly at the hands of the accused. About 5-6 years preceding the incident when Sarjug Rai was killed there was a partition of the family properties. Kamal Rai was his nephew who nourished serious grudge against his uncle, as according to him there was unequal partition of ancestral properties. Said Kamal Rai, strongly believed that construction of new house and purchase of tractor, subsequent to partition by the deceased was made from cash which had not been divided during partition. Though motive appears to be trivial and also stale but where direct evidence is available, motive pales into insignificance. The accusations appearing from the first information report of Ram Babu Rai (PW-14), son of the deceased and also narrations made by the witnesses at trial are that on 17.8.1983 while deceased at about 8.00 a.m. had gone to a temple after taking holy dip in a pond, adjacent to the temple, the appellants holding weapons came down from the house of Kamal Rai and came to the temple, pursuant to which Kamal Rai while exhorting others to liquidate the deceased dealt blows with a hard and blunt substance on his head as he had been unfair to him in partitioning the ancestral properties. Dukha Sah (PW-6), the priest of the temple locked the northern gate of the temple to save the deceased. However, he could not be saved as accused-appellant Deosharan Rai broke open the lock and dragged the deceased outside, pursuant to which on exhortation made by Kamal Rai all dealt indiscriminate blows on him with lethal weapons which they were carrying. When Shatrughan Pandey (PW-1), Ram Chandra Rout (PW-2), Nandlal Pandey (PW-4) and Sita Saran Rai (PW-5) came to rescue on hearing alarms raised by the son of the deceased (PW-14), they could not proceed to rescue the deceased on being scared by the firing resorted to by accused-appellant Satya Narain Rai. Ram Babu Rai (PW-14) informed the police who visited village Bishanpur and recorded his statement, pursuant to which investigation commenced. The police during investigation apart from recording statement of witnesses under section 161 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (for short the ‘Code’) visited the place of occurrence, and also made seizure of some offending articles from the place of occurrence. On conclusion of investigation, he laid charge sheet before the court against all the 15 accused persons who were eventually put on trial. In the trial, the prosecution examined 17 witnesses. The accused persons pleaded innocence and false implication and examined 16 witnesses to counter the allegations attributed to them. Those examined by the prosecution were the villagers of Bishanpur, some outsiders, who were either relations of the deceased or claimed to have visited the village for holding panchayati for resolution of the dispute pending between the two parties, the doctor and also the police officer.
3. As noted supra, accused persons pleaded innocence and false implication due to animosity persisting between the parties. Three of the accused persons pleaded alibi to improbabilise their physical presence at the site of occurrence. Out of the prosecution witnesses, seven i.e. PWs 2 to 5, 6, 10, 14 were stated to be eyewitnesses. On consideration of the evidence on record, learned 3rd additional sessions judge, Sitamarhi as afore-noted convicted 13 accused persons, acquitted two. In respect of three who died during the pendency of the appeal before the High Court the appeals abated. The convicted accused preferred three separate appeals before the High Court which by the impugned judgment disposed of them.
4. In support of the appeals, learned senior counsel submitted that the appellants have been convicted by application of section 149 IPC. The ingredients necessary to bring in application of the said provision have not been established. The plea of alibi has been accepted in respect of two accused persons. Though appellant Mahendra Rai stood at a better footing, his plea of alibi has been rejected on erroneous premises. Evidence was produced and a witness was examined to substantiate his plea of alibi which has been discarded without any basis. Though there were large number of injuries, no particular one has been attributed to any particular accused, except accused Deosharan Rai (A-1), Kamal Rai (A-7) and Satya Narain Rai (A-9). Accused Kamal Rai has died and the rest two are appellants 3 and 5 respectively in these appeals. The motive which was sought to be indicated as the foundation of the crime is too scarce and in fact Deo Narain Rai (PW-11) who is not an eyewitness and spoke about the motive of Kamal Rai has been disbelieved by both the trial court and the High Court. The witnesses are closely related and in fact PW-11 has been discarded as unreliable. The investigation was more than perfunctory and the courts below should have taken note of that. Identification in a mob is highly improbable. When plea of alibi has been accepted it clearly indicates the extent of false implication and the design therefor. One of the accused Rabindra Pandey was a child at the time of occurrence. Though he should have been separately dealt with under the Children’s Act and that having not been done his conviction is vitiated. The genesis as described by the prosecution is highly improbable. It is not believable that the deceased was going to offer puja in a temple which prima facie appears to be without a deity. The place of occurrence has been chosen in a manner as would give some credence to the evidence of some persons like pujari Dukha Sah (PW-6). The evidence of prosecution is to the effect that all the accused persons came from the house of accused Kamal Rai. The visibility from the place where PW-6 claims to have seen them is well nigh impossible. There is no evidence to show that Kamal Rai has disclosed to others what he proposed to do, or there was sharing of common object. On the other hand, even if it was a case of similar or common intention, at the most, the prosecution could press into service section 34 IPC for which there was no charge and for bringing in application of section 34 IPC participation is a must. The allegations of a very general and repetitive nature have been made against all the accused persons. There is no evidence that Satya Narain Rai was carrying a country made gun and therefore the conviction under section 27 of the Arms Act is not maintainable.
5. In response, Mr. B.B. Singh, learned counsel for the State submitted that the common object which sine qua non have application under section 149 IPC has been clearly brought out. The unimpeachable evidence is that all the accused persons armed with deadly weapons came from outside the village in a group. The deceased was dragged first and given lathi blow by accused Kamal Rai which was a fatal one and when his son (PW-14) wanted to protect gun was fired to dissuade others from coming to his rescue. The evidence was more than sufficient to attract section 149. So far as the alleged interestedness of the witnesses is concerned, it is trite law that if after careful analysis and scrutiny, the evidence is found credible, the conviction can be maintained. Additionally, there were witnesses who were not in any manner related. So far as the question of alibi is concerned, when presence of the concerned accused is satisfactorily established, the court would be slow to believe the counter evidence unless it is of such quality as would create a reasonable doubt on the minds of the court that the prosecution version was not cogent. The trial court and the High Court have analysed in detail the plea of alibi and have discarded it in view of the evidence on record. So far as the claim of accused Rabindra Pandey to be a minor is concerned, the order dated 27.7.1984 passed by the trial court clearly shows that it had discarded the plea. In fact the school records clearly indicated that he was more than 18 years of age on the date of occurrence. The father filed an affidavit with oblique motive to say that there was a wrong recording in the school register. Apparently, such a plea is not acceptable and the order dated 27.7.1984 was passed much before the completion of trial and the same having not been assailed has become final. Therefore, neither the trial court nor the High Court has dealt with this plea which even does not appear to have been raised before the said courts.
6. The jurisdictional issue based on purported age of the accused needs consideration first. The question relating to age of the accused was never raised before the courts below during trial, and in appeal, necessitating a decision in this regard. In fact, the Juvenile Act on which the appellants have placed reliance was not in existence at the time of occurrence. Further at no point of time during trial or before the High Court this question was raised. The necessity of determining the age of accused arises when the accused raises a plea and the court entertains a doubt. Here, when the claim was made by the accused that he was a child the plea was considered and a decision was rendered that he was not a child. That order has attained finality without any challenge thereto. The clearly untenable plea that the school register was wrong, cannot be accepted by accepting the self-serving affidavit of the father. In any event, there was no argument advanced either before the trial court or the High Court on this issue and the disputed factual question which has also attained finality in view of an earlier order cannot be permitted to be raised.
7. The first information report was lodged almost immediately. The police station is situated at a distance of 4 kms. from the place of occurrence. The occurrence took place at around 8.00 a.m. The FIR was recorded at 10.00 a.m. almost immediately. The investigating officer reached the place of occurrence at 11.00 a.m. and the post mortem was conducted at 4.00 p.m. The evidence on record goes to show that the eyewitnesses were examined from 2.00 p.m. onwards.
8. Acquittal of some of the accused persons will not come to the rescue of the other appellants in respect of whom the High Court has considered the evidence on record and found them guilty. As noted above, PW-1 has no relationship with the deceased and his assertion in the examination-in-chief has gone unchallenged. It is to be noted that nothing has been elicited in the cross-examination of various witnesses as regards the place of occurrence and the manner of occurrence. That being the position, the convictions as done cannot be faulted.
9. We shall deal with the question regarding applicability of section 149 IPC, which was urged emphatically.
10. A plea which was emphasized by the respondents relates to the question whether section 149, IPC has any application for fastening the constructive liability which is the sine qua non for its operation. The emphasis is on the common object and not on common intention. Mere presence in an unlawful assembly cannot render a person liable unless there was a common object and he was actuated by that common object and that object is one of those set out in section 141. Where common object of an unlawful assembly is not proved, the accused persons cannot be convicted with the help of section 149. The crucial question to determine is whether the assembly consisted of five or more persons and whether the said persons entertained one or more of the common objects, as specified in section 141. It cannot be laid down as a general proposition of law that unless an overt act is proved against a person, who is alleged to be a member of unlawful assembly, it cannot be said that he is a member of an assembly. The only thing required is that he should have understood that the assembly was unlawful and was likely to commit any of the acts which fall within the purview of section 141. The word ‘object’ means the purpose or design and, in order to make it ‘common’, it must be shared by all. In other words, the object should be common to the persons, who compose the assembly, that is to say, they should all be aware of it and concur in it. A common object may be formed by express agreement after mutual consultation, but that is by no means necessary. It may be formed at any stage by all or a few members of the assembly and the other members may just join and adopt it. Once formed, it need not continue to be the same. It may be modified or altered or abandoned at any stage. The expression ‘in prosecution of common object’ as appearing in section 149 has to be strictly construed as equivalent to ‘in order to attain the common object’. It must be immediately connected with the common object by virtue of the nature of the object. There must be community of object and the object may exist only up to a particular stage, and not thereafter. Members of an unlawful assembly may have community of object up to certain point beyond which they may differ in their objects and the knowledge, possessed by each member of what is likely to be committed in prosecution of their common object, may vary not only according to the information at his command, but also according to the extent to which he shares the community of object, and as a consequence of this the effect of section 149, IPC may be different on different members of the same assembly.
11. ‘Common object’ is different from a ‘common intention’ as it does not require a prior concert and a common meeting of minds before the attack. It is enough if each has the same object in view and their number is five or more and that they act as an assembly to achieve that object. The ‘common object’ of an assembly is to be ascertained from the acts and language of the members composing it, and from a consideration of all the surrounding circumstances. It may be gathered from the course of conduct adopted by the members of the assembly. For determination of the common object of the unlawful assembly, the conduct of each of the members of the unlawful assembly, before and at the time of attack and thereafter, the motive for the crime, are some of the relevant considerations. What the common object of the unlawful assembly is at a particular stage of the incident is essentially a question of fact to be determined, keeping in view the nature of the assembly, the arms carried by the members, and the behaviour of the members at or near the scene of the incident. It is not necessary under law that in all cases of unlawful assembly, with an unlawful common object, the same must be translated into action or be successful. Under the Explanation to section 141, an assembly which was not unlawful when it was assembled, may subsequently become unlawful. It is not necessary that the intention or the purpose, which is necessary to render an assembly an unlawful one comes into existence at the outset. The time of forming an unlawful intent is not material. An assembly which, at its commencement or even for some time thereafter, is lawful, may subsequently become unlawful. In other words it can develop during the course of incident at the spot co instanti.
12. Section 149, IPC consists of two parts. The first part of the section means that the offence to be committed in prosecution of the common object must be one which is committed with a view to accomplish the common object. In order that the offence may fall within the first part, the offence must be connected immediately with the common object of the unlawful assembly of which the accused was member. Even if the offence committed is not in direct prosecution of the common object of the assembly, it may yet fall under section 141, if it can be held that the offence was such as the members knew was likely to be committed and this is what is required in the second part of the section. The purpose for which the members of the assembly set out or desired to achieve is the object. If the object desired by all the members is the same, the knowledge that is the object which is being pursued is shared by all the members and they are in general agreement as to how it is to be achieved and that is now the common object of the assembly. An object is entertained in the human mind, and it being merely a mental attitude, no direct evidence can be available and, like intention, has generally to be gathered from the act which the person commits and the result therefrom. Though no hard and fast rule can be laid down under the circumstances from which the common object can be culled out, it may reasonably be collected from the nature of the assembly, arms it carries and behaviour at or before or after the scene of incident. The word ‘knew’ used in the second branch of the section implies something more than a possibility and it cannot be made to bear the sense of ‘might have been known’. Positive knowledge is necessary. When an offence is committed in prosecution of the common object, it would generally be an offence which the members of the unlawful assembly knew was likely to be committed in prosecution of the common object. That, however, does not make the converse proposition true; there may be cases which would come within the second part but not within the first part. The distinction between the two parts of section 149 cannot be ignored or obliterated. In every case it would be an issue to be determined, whether the offence committed falls within the first part or it was an offence such as the members of the assembly knew to be likely to be committed in prosecution of the common object and falls within the second part. However, there may be cases which would be within first offences committed in prosecution of the common object would be generally, if not always, with the second, namely, offences which the parties knew to be likely committed in the prosecution of the common object. (See Chikkarange Gowda and others v. State of Mysore1)
13. Therefore, section 149 has been rightly applied when the factual position as highlighted by the eyewitnesses is considered. Even if the absence of motive as alleged is accepted that is of no consequence and pales into insignificance when direct evidence establishes the crime. The first information report was lodged almost immediately and whatever elaboration has been done is really very minor in nature. Mere seemingly inconsistencies which are not contradictions or omissions or are of trivial nature do not affect substratum of the prosecution version. That is the situation in the case at hand. The number of injuries even if not co-related to the number of assailants is not material. (See Leela Ram (dead) through Duli Chand v. State of Haryana and Anr.2)
14. Similarly, even if there are irregularities or illegalities in the conduct of investigation that is of no consequence. (See State of Rajasthan v. Kishore3, and State of Karnataka v. K Yarappa Reddy4 ).
15. For discarding the plea of alibi the trial court and the High Court have given cogent reasons. Merely because the plea was accepted in respect of two accused, that cannot be a ground for acceptance of the plea of alibi so far as accused Mahendra Rai is concerned. It is interesting to note that the date of occurrence is 17.8.1983 and the accused Mahendra Rai is supposed to have served from 10.8.1983 onwards till the date of occurrence. The trial court noticed that there was no material to show that on the date of occurrence he was present in the school throughout and even no appointment letter showing appointment was produced. This is also evident from the certificate exhibited. The certificate was to the effect that he was on duty as a guard for a period from 10.8.1983 to 17.8.1983 on a regular basis. It is inconceivable that a person was appointed for one week on a regular basis. That is an additional ground to reject the plea of alibi. The signatures of the appellant on the attendance register were also found to be not acceptable.
16. Merely because two persons have been acquitted that benefit cannot be extended to others in view of the direct evidence establishing their presence and participation in the crime. Though it was pleaded that there was no evidence regarding the breaking of lock as deposed by eyewitnesses, it is to be noted that investigating officer’s objective findings clearly lead to acceptability of such plea. The broken lock was seized and exhibited as exhibit -1. The marks of violence on the door were clearly noticed and noted by the investigating officer.
17. It is a settled position in law that there cannot be a reappraisal of evidence unless it is shown that the findings are perverse.
18. We are not inclined to re-examine the whole of the prosecution case for finding out as to whether occurrence had taken place in the manner alleged by the prosecution. We find no reason to disbelieve any of the eyewitnesses. The trial court as well as the High Court have after critical examination of their statements, rightly concluded that they were the truthful witnesses and that all the appellants in these appeals were present at the time of occurrence. Merely because the witnesses happened to be the relations of the deceased is not a ground to reject their testimony. Under the circumstances of the case, the aforesaid witnesses appear to be natural witnesses who were supposed to be at the place of occurrence. Time and again, it has been held by this Court that no interference would be made with the concurrent findings of fact based on pure appreciation of evidence, even if this Court was to take a different view on the evidence. The Court will normally not enter into reappraisal or the review of evidence unless the trial court or the High Court is shown to have committed an error of law or procedure and the conclusions arrived at are perverse. This Court cannot enter into the credibility of the evidence with a view to substitute its opinion for that of the trial court or the High Court. This Court may interfere where on proved facts, wrong inferences of law are shown to have been drawn. It needs to be emphasized that this Court is not a regular court of appeal to which every judgment of the High Court in criminal case may be brought up for scrutinising its correctness. It is only in rare or exceptional case where there is some manifest illegality or grave or serious irregularity resulting in miscarriage of justice that the Court would interfere with such findings of fact. In this regard, reference may be made to the judgment of this Court in Duli Chand v. Delhi Administration1, Ramnik Lal Gokaldas and Ors. v. The State of Gujarat2, Mst. Dalbir Kaur and Ors. v. State of Punjab3, Ramanbhai Naranbhai Patel and Ors. v. State of Gujarat4 and Chandra Bihari Gautam and Ors. v. State of Bihar5. This does not appear to be a case where interference is called for. Looked at from any angle, the appeals are without merit and deserve dismissal which we direct.
1. Fifteen persons faced trial for alleged commission of offences punishable under section 302 read with sections 149, 148 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (for short the ‘IPC’). Accused no.9 (appellant no.5 in the present appeals) additionally faced trial for offence punishable under section 27 of the Arms Act, 1959 (in short the ‘Arms Act’). Accused no.2 Mahendra Rai (appellant no.8 in the present appeals) who was separately charged for offence punishable under section 302 IPC was acquitted of the said charge but instead was convicted as afore-noted in terms of section 302 read with section 149 IPC. Out of the 15 accused persons, two were acquitted and three died during pendency of the appeals before the High Court.
2. Prosecution version as unfolded during trial and which formed the foundation of the prosecution case is essentially as follows:
On 17.8.1983, one Sarjug Rai (hereinafter referred to as the ‘deceased’) lost his life allegedly at the hands of the accused. About 5-6 years preceding the incident when Sarjug Rai was killed there was a partition of the family properties. Kamal Rai was his nephew who nourished serious grudge against his uncle, as according to him there was unequal partition of ancestral properties. Said Kamal Rai, strongly believed that construction of new house and purchase of tractor, subsequent to partition by the deceased was made from cash which had not been divided during partition. Though motive appears to be trivial and also stale but where direct evidence is available, motive pales into insignificance. The accusations appearing from the first information report of Ram Babu Rai (PW-14), son of the deceased and also narrations made by the witnesses at trial are that on 17.8.1983 while deceased at about 8.00 a.m. had gone to a temple after taking holy dip in a pond, adjacent to the temple, the appellants holding weapons came down from the house of Kamal Rai and came to the temple, pursuant to which Kamal Rai while exhorting others to liquidate the deceased dealt blows with a hard and blunt substance on his head as he had been unfair to him in partitioning the ancestral properties. Dukha Sah (PW-6), the priest of the temple locked the northern gate of the temple to save the deceased. However, he could not be saved as accused-appellant Deosharan Rai broke open the lock and dragged the deceased outside, pursuant to which on exhortation made by Kamal Rai all dealt indiscriminate blows on him with lethal weapons which they were carrying. When Shatrughan Pandey (PW-1), Ram Chandra Rout (PW-2), Nandlal Pandey (PW-4) and Sita Saran Rai (PW-5) came to rescue on hearing alarms raised by the son of the deceased (PW-14), they could not proceed to rescue the deceased on being scared by the firing resorted to by accused-appellant Satya Narain Rai. Ram Babu Rai (PW-14) informed the police who visited village Bishanpur and recorded his statement, pursuant to which investigation commenced. The police during investigation apart from recording statement of witnesses under section 161 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (for short the ‘Code’) visited the place of occurrence, and also made seizure of some offending articles from the place of occurrence. On conclusion of investigation, he laid charge sheet before the court against all the 15 accused persons who were eventually put on trial. In the trial, the prosecution examined 17 witnesses. The accused persons pleaded innocence and false implication and examined 16 witnesses to counter the allegations attributed to them. Those examined by the prosecution were the villagers of Bishanpur, some outsiders, who were either relations of the deceased or claimed to have visited the village for holding panchayati for resolution of the dispute pending between the two parties, the doctor and also the police officer.
3. As noted supra, accused persons pleaded innocence and false implication due to animosity persisting between the parties. Three of the accused persons pleaded alibi to improbabilise their physical presence at the site of occurrence. Out of the prosecution witnesses, seven i.e. PWs 2 to 5, 6, 10, 14 were stated to be eyewitnesses. On consideration of the evidence on record, learned 3rd additional sessions judge, Sitamarhi as afore-noted convicted 13 accused persons, acquitted two. In respect of three who died during the pendency of the appeal before the High Court the appeals abated. The convicted accused preferred three separate appeals before the High Court which by the impugned judgment disposed of them.
4. In support of the appeals, learned senior counsel submitted that the appellants have been convicted by application of section 149 IPC. The ingredients necessary to bring in application of the said provision have not been established. The plea of alibi has been accepted in respect of two accused persons. Though appellant Mahendra Rai stood at a better footing, his plea of alibi has been rejected on erroneous premises. Evidence was produced and a witness was examined to substantiate his plea of alibi which has been discarded without any basis. Though there were large number of injuries, no particular one has been attributed to any particular accused, except accused Deosharan Rai (A-1), Kamal Rai (A-7) and Satya Narain Rai (A-9). Accused Kamal Rai has died and the rest two are appellants 3 and 5 respectively in these appeals. The motive which was sought to be indicated as the foundation of the crime is too scarce and in fact Deo Narain Rai (PW-11) who is not an eyewitness and spoke about the motive of Kamal Rai has been disbelieved by both the trial court and the High Court. The witnesses are closely related and in fact PW-11 has been discarded as unreliable. The investigation was more than perfunctory and the courts below should have taken note of that. Identification in a mob is highly improbable. When plea of alibi has been accepted it clearly indicates the extent of false implication and the design therefor. One of the accused Rabindra Pandey was a child at the time of occurrence. Though he should have been separately dealt with under the Children’s Act and that having not been done his conviction is vitiated. The genesis as described by the prosecution is highly improbable. It is not believable that the deceased was going to offer puja in a temple which prima facie appears to be without a deity. The place of occurrence has been chosen in a manner as would give some credence to the evidence of some persons like pujari Dukha Sah (PW-6). The evidence of prosecution is to the effect that all the accused persons came from the house of accused Kamal Rai. The visibility from the place where PW-6 claims to have seen them is well nigh impossible. There is no evidence to show that Kamal Rai has disclosed to others what he proposed to do, or there was sharing of common object. On the other hand, even if it was a case of similar or common intention, at the most, the prosecution could press into service section 34 IPC for which there was no charge and for bringing in application of section 34 IPC participation is a must. The allegations of a very general and repetitive nature have been made against all the accused persons. There is no evidence that Satya Narain Rai was carrying a country made gun and therefore the conviction under section 27 of the Arms Act is not maintainable.
5. In response, Mr. B.B. Singh, learned counsel for the State submitted that the common object which sine qua non have application under section 149 IPC has been clearly brought out. The unimpeachable evidence is that all the accused persons armed with deadly weapons came from outside the village in a group. The deceased was dragged first and given lathi blow by accused Kamal Rai which was a fatal one and when his son (PW-14) wanted to protect gun was fired to dissuade others from coming to his rescue. The evidence was more than sufficient to attract section 149. So far as the alleged interestedness of the witnesses is concerned, it is trite law that if after careful analysis and scrutiny, the evidence is found credible, the conviction can be maintained. Additionally, there were witnesses who were not in any manner related. So far as the question of alibi is concerned, when presence of the concerned accused is satisfactorily established, the court would be slow to believe the counter evidence unless it is of such quality as would create a reasonable doubt on the minds of the court that the prosecution version was not cogent. The trial court and the High Court have analysed in detail the plea of alibi and have discarded it in view of the evidence on record. So far as the claim of accused Rabindra Pandey to be a minor is concerned, the order dated 27.7.1984 passed by the trial court clearly shows that it had discarded the plea. In fact the school records clearly indicated that he was more than 18 years of age on the date of occurrence. The father filed an affidavit with oblique motive to say that there was a wrong recording in the school register. Apparently, such a plea is not acceptable and the order dated 27.7.1984 was passed much before the completion of trial and the same having not been assailed has become final. Therefore, neither the trial court nor the High Court has dealt with this plea which even does not appear to have been raised before the said courts.
6. The jurisdictional issue based on purported age of the accused needs consideration first. The question relating to age of the accused was never raised before the courts below during trial, and in appeal, necessitating a decision in this regard. In fact, the Juvenile Act on which the appellants have placed reliance was not in existence at the time of occurrence. Further at no point of time during trial or before the High Court this question was raised. The necessity of determining the age of accused arises when the accused raises a plea and the court entertains a doubt. Here, when the claim was made by the accused that he was a child the plea was considered and a decision was rendered that he was not a child. That order has attained finality without any challenge thereto. The clearly untenable plea that the school register was wrong, cannot be accepted by accepting the self-serving affidavit of the father. In any event, there was no argument advanced either before the trial court or the High Court on this issue and the disputed factual question which has also attained finality in view of an earlier order cannot be permitted to be raised.
7. The first information report was lodged almost immediately. The police station is situated at a distance of 4 kms. from the place of occurrence. The occurrence took place at around 8.00 a.m. The FIR was recorded at 10.00 a.m. almost immediately. The investigating officer reached the place of occurrence at 11.00 a.m. and the post mortem was conducted at 4.00 p.m. The evidence on record goes to show that the eyewitnesses were examined from 2.00 p.m. onwards.
8. Acquittal of some of the accused persons will not come to the rescue of the other appellants in respect of whom the High Court has considered the evidence on record and found them guilty. As noted above, PW-1 has no relationship with the deceased and his assertion in the examination-in-chief has gone unchallenged. It is to be noted that nothing has been elicited in the cross-examination of various witnesses as regards the place of occurrence and the manner of occurrence. That being the position, the convictions as done cannot be faulted.
9. We shall deal with the question regarding applicability of section 149 IPC, which was urged emphatically.
10. A plea which was emphasized by the respondents relates to the question whether section 149, IPC has any application for fastening the constructive liability which is the sine qua non for its operation. The emphasis is on the common object and not on common intention. Mere presence in an unlawful assembly cannot render a person liable unless there was a common object and he was actuated by that common object and that object is one of those set out in section 141. Where common object of an unlawful assembly is not proved, the accused persons cannot be convicted with the help of section 149. The crucial question to determine is whether the assembly consisted of five or more persons and whether the said persons entertained one or more of the common objects, as specified in section 141. It cannot be laid down as a general proposition of law that unless an overt act is proved against a person, who is alleged to be a member of unlawful assembly, it cannot be said that he is a member of an assembly. The only thing required is that he should have understood that the assembly was unlawful and was likely to commit any of the acts which fall within the purview of section 141. The word ‘object’ means the purpose or design and, in order to make it ‘common’, it must be shared by all. In other words, the object should be common to the persons, who compose the assembly, that is to say, they should all be aware of it and concur in it. A common object may be formed by express agreement after mutual consultation, but that is by no means necessary. It may be formed at any stage by all or a few members of the assembly and the other members may just join and adopt it. Once formed, it need not continue to be the same. It may be modified or altered or abandoned at any stage. The expression ‘in prosecution of common object’ as appearing in section 149 has to be strictly construed as equivalent to ‘in order to attain the common object’. It must be immediately connected with the common object by virtue of the nature of the object. There must be community of object and the object may exist only up to a particular stage, and not thereafter. Members of an unlawful assembly may have community of object up to certain point beyond which they may differ in their objects and the knowledge, possessed by each member of what is likely to be committed in prosecution of their common object, may vary not only according to the information at his command, but also according to the extent to which he shares the community of object, and as a consequence of this the effect of section 149, IPC may be different on different members of the same assembly.
11. ‘Common object’ is different from a ‘common intention’ as it does not require a prior concert and a common meeting of minds before the attack. It is enough if each has the same object in view and their number is five or more and that they act as an assembly to achieve that object. The ‘common object’ of an assembly is to be ascertained from the acts and language of the members composing it, and from a consideration of all the surrounding circumstances. It may be gathered from the course of conduct adopted by the members of the assembly. For determination of the common object of the unlawful assembly, the conduct of each of the members of the unlawful assembly, before and at the time of attack and thereafter, the motive for the crime, are some of the relevant considerations. What the common object of the unlawful assembly is at a particular stage of the incident is essentially a question of fact to be determined, keeping in view the nature of the assembly, the arms carried by the members, and the behaviour of the members at or near the scene of the incident. It is not necessary under law that in all cases of unlawful assembly, with an unlawful common object, the same must be translated into action or be successful. Under the Explanation to section 141, an assembly which was not unlawful when it was assembled, may subsequently become unlawful. It is not necessary that the intention or the purpose, which is necessary to render an assembly an unlawful one comes into existence at the outset. The time of forming an unlawful intent is not material. An assembly which, at its commencement or even for some time thereafter, is lawful, may subsequently become unlawful. In other words it can develop during the course of incident at the spot co instanti.
12. Section 149, IPC consists of two parts. The first part of the section means that the offence to be committed in prosecution of the common object must be one which is committed with a view to accomplish the common object. In order that the offence may fall within the first part, the offence must be connected immediately with the common object of the unlawful assembly of which the accused was member. Even if the offence committed is not in direct prosecution of the common object of the assembly, it may yet fall under section 141, if it can be held that the offence was such as the members knew was likely to be committed and this is what is required in the second part of the section. The purpose for which the members of the assembly set out or desired to achieve is the object. If the object desired by all the members is the same, the knowledge that is the object which is being pursued is shared by all the members and they are in general agreement as to how it is to be achieved and that is now the common object of the assembly. An object is entertained in the human mind, and it being merely a mental attitude, no direct evidence can be available and, like intention, has generally to be gathered from the act which the person commits and the result therefrom. Though no hard and fast rule can be laid down under the circumstances from which the common object can be culled out, it may reasonably be collected from the nature of the assembly, arms it carries and behaviour at or before or after the scene of incident. The word ‘knew’ used in the second branch of the section implies something more than a possibility and it cannot be made to bear the sense of ‘might have been known’. Positive knowledge is necessary. When an offence is committed in prosecution of the common object, it would generally be an offence which the members of the unlawful assembly knew was likely to be committed in prosecution of the common object. That, however, does not make the converse proposition true; there may be cases which would come within the second part but not within the first part. The distinction between the two parts of section 149 cannot be ignored or obliterated. In every case it would be an issue to be determined, whether the offence committed falls within the first part or it was an offence such as the members of the assembly knew to be likely to be committed in prosecution of the common object and falls within the second part. However, there may be cases which would be within first offences committed in prosecution of the common object would be generally, if not always, with the second, namely, offences which the parties knew to be likely committed in the prosecution of the common object. (See Chikkarange Gowda and others v. State of Mysore1)
13. Therefore, section 149 has been rightly applied when the factual position as highlighted by the eyewitnesses is considered. Even if the absence of motive as alleged is accepted that is of no consequence and pales into insignificance when direct evidence establishes the crime. The first information report was lodged almost immediately and whatever elaboration has been done is really very minor in nature. Mere seemingly inconsistencies which are not contradictions or omissions or are of trivial nature do not affect substratum of the prosecution version. That is the situation in the case at hand. The number of injuries even if not co-related to the number of assailants is not material. (See Leela Ram (dead) through Duli Chand v. State of Haryana and Anr.2)
14. Similarly, even if there are irregularities or illegalities in the conduct of investigation that is of no consequence. (See State of Rajasthan v. Kishore3, and State of Karnataka v. K Yarappa Reddy4 ).
15. For discarding the plea of alibi the trial court and the High Court have given cogent reasons. Merely because the plea was accepted in respect of two accused, that cannot be a ground for acceptance of the plea of alibi so far as accused Mahendra Rai is concerned. It is interesting to note that the date of occurrence is 17.8.1983 and the accused Mahendra Rai is supposed to have served from 10.8.1983 onwards till the date of occurrence. The trial court noticed that there was no material to show that on the date of occurrence he was present in the school throughout and even no appointment letter showing appointment was produced. This is also evident from the certificate exhibited. The certificate was to the effect that he was on duty as a guard for a period from 10.8.1983 to 17.8.1983 on a regular basis. It is inconceivable that a person was appointed for one week on a regular basis. That is an additional ground to reject the plea of alibi. The signatures of the appellant on the attendance register were also found to be not acceptable.
16. Merely because two persons have been acquitted that benefit cannot be extended to others in view of the direct evidence establishing their presence and participation in the crime. Though it was pleaded that there was no evidence regarding the breaking of lock as deposed by eyewitnesses, it is to be noted that investigating officer’s objective findings clearly lead to acceptability of such plea. The broken lock was seized and exhibited as exhibit -1. The marks of violence on the door were clearly noticed and noted by the investigating officer.
17. It is a settled position in law that there cannot be a reappraisal of evidence unless it is shown that the findings are perverse.
18. We are not inclined to re-examine the whole of the prosecution case for finding out as to whether occurrence had taken place in the manner alleged by the prosecution. We find no reason to disbelieve any of the eyewitnesses. The trial court as well as the High Court have after critical examination of their statements, rightly concluded that they were the truthful witnesses and that all the appellants in these appeals were present at the time of occurrence. Merely because the witnesses happened to be the relations of the deceased is not a ground to reject their testimony. Under the circumstances of the case, the aforesaid witnesses appear to be natural witnesses who were supposed to be at the place of occurrence. Time and again, it has been held by this Court that no interference would be made with the concurrent findings of fact based on pure appreciation of evidence, even if this Court was to take a different view on the evidence. The Court will normally not enter into reappraisal or the review of evidence unless the trial court or the High Court is shown to have committed an error of law or procedure and the conclusions arrived at are perverse. This Court cannot enter into the credibility of the evidence with a view to substitute its opinion for that of the trial court or the High Court. This Court may interfere where on proved facts, wrong inferences of law are shown to have been drawn. It needs to be emphasized that this Court is not a regular court of appeal to which every judgment of the High Court in criminal case may be brought up for scrutinising its correctness. It is only in rare or exceptional case where there is some manifest illegality or grave or serious irregularity resulting in miscarriage of justice that the Court would interfere with such findings of fact. In this regard, reference may be made to the judgment of this Court in Duli Chand v. Delhi Administration1, Ramnik Lal Gokaldas and Ors. v. The State of Gujarat2, Mst. Dalbir Kaur and Ors. v. State of Punjab3, Ramanbhai Naranbhai Patel and Ors. v. State of Gujarat4 and Chandra Bihari Gautam and Ors. v. State of Bihar5. This does not appear to be a case where interference is called for. Looked at from any angle, the appeals are without merit and deserve dismissal which we direct.
