Syed Hakkim and Anr. Vs. State rep. by Dy. Superintendent of Police
EmailAppeal: Criminal Appeal No. 365 of 2009
[Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 522 of 2008]
[From the Judgement and Order dated 22.03.2007 of the High Court of Judicature at Madras in Criminal Appeal (MD) No. 283/04]
[Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 522 of 2008]
[From the Judgement and Order dated 22.03.2007 of the High Court of Judicature at Madras in Criminal Appeal (MD) No. 283/04]
Petitioner: Syed Hakkim and Anr.
Respondent: State rep. by Dy. Superintendent of Police
Apeal: Criminal Appeal No. 365 of 2009
[Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 522 of 2008]
[From the Judgement and Order dated 22.03.2007 of the High Court of Judicature at Madras in Criminal Appeal (MD) No. 283/04]
[Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 522 of 2008]
[From the Judgement and Order dated 22.03.2007 of the High Court of Judicature at Madras in Criminal Appeal (MD) No. 283/04]
Judges: Dr. Arijit Pasayat & Asok Kumar Ganguly, JJ.
Date of Judgment: Feb 23, 2009
Appearances:
Appearances
Mr. S. Ravi Shankar, Ms. Yamuna Nachiar, Advocates for the Appellant.
Mr. S. Thananjayan, Advocate for the respondent.
Mr. S. Ravi Shankar, Ms. Yamuna Nachiar, Advocates for the Appellant.
Mr. S. Thananjayan, Advocate for the respondent.
Head Note:
Criminal Laws/Evidence
Penal Code, 1860
Sections 498A and 302 – Dowry death – Circumstantial evidence – PW-1 witnessed the occurrence but resiled from his statement during investigation – Trial Court convicting A1 to A5 and A7 under Section 498A and A1 to A5 under Section 302 – High Court setting aside the punishment under Section 302 so far as accused A3, A4 and A5 are concerned – Plea of (i) alibi and (ii) suicide, disbelieved by trial Court and High Court. Held both trial court and High Court having regard to the evidence of relatives concluded that the dowry demand was made. There was no infirmity with the conclusions arrived at more particularly in view of the evidence of PWs-1 and 2. No scope for interference.
Penal Code, 1860
Sections 498A and 302 – Dowry death – Circumstantial evidence – PW-1 witnessed the occurrence but resiled from his statement during investigation – Trial Court convicting A1 to A5 and A7 under Section 498A and A1 to A5 under Section 302 – High Court setting aside the punishment under Section 302 so far as accused A3, A4 and A5 are concerned – Plea of (i) alibi and (ii) suicide, disbelieved by trial Court and High Court. Held both trial court and High Court having regard to the evidence of relatives concluded that the dowry demand was made. There was no infirmity with the conclusions arrived at more particularly in view of the evidence of PWs-1 and 2. No scope for interference.
Section 302 – Murder – Circumstantial evidence – Plea of (1) suicide and (2) alibi disbelieved by trial court and High Court – Whether these circumstance sufficient to convict the appellants under Section 302. Held the circumstances highlighted by the prosecution to prove applicability of Section 302 are insufficient and scanty. Conviction under Section 302 cannot be maintained and is set aside.
Cases Reffered:
1. Kusuma Ankama Rao v State of A.P. [JT 2008 (7) SC 360] (Para 16)
2. State of Rajasthan v. Raja Ram [JT 2003 (7) SC 199] (Para 16)
3. State of Haryana v. Jagbir Singh and Anr. [JT 2003 (Suppl. 2) SC 393] (Para 16)
4. C. Chenga Reddy and Ors. v. State of A.P. [JT 1996 (6) SC 739] (Para 9)
5. State of U.P. v. Ashok Kumar Srivastava, [JT 1992 (1) SC 340] (Para 11)
6. Padala Veera Reddy v. State of A.P. and Ors. [JT 1989 (4) SC 223] (Para 10)
7. Ashok Kumar Chatterjee v. State of M.P. [JT 1989 (3) SC 451] (Para 8)
8. Balwinder Singh v. State of Punjab [JT 1986 SC 940] (Para 8)
9. State of U.P. v. Sukhbasi and Ors. [AIR 1985 SC 1224] (Para 8)
10. Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra, [AIR 1984 SC 1622] (Para 15)
11. Earabhadrappa v. State of Karnataka [AIR 1983 SC 446] (Para 8)
12. Hukam Singh v. State of Rajasthan [AIR 1977 SC 1063] (Para 8)
13. Eradu and Ors. v. State of Hyderabad [AIR 1956 SC 316] (Para 8)
14. Bhagat Ram v. State of Punjab [AIR 1954 SC 621] (Para 8)
15. Hanumant Govind Nargundkar and Anr. v. State of Madhya Pradesh, [AIR 1952 SC 343] (Para 14)
2. State of Rajasthan v. Raja Ram [JT 2003 (7) SC 199] (Para 16)
3. State of Haryana v. Jagbir Singh and Anr. [JT 2003 (Suppl. 2) SC 393] (Para 16)
4. C. Chenga Reddy and Ors. v. State of A.P. [JT 1996 (6) SC 739] (Para 9)
5. State of U.P. v. Ashok Kumar Srivastava, [JT 1992 (1) SC 340] (Para 11)
6. Padala Veera Reddy v. State of A.P. and Ors. [JT 1989 (4) SC 223] (Para 10)
7. Ashok Kumar Chatterjee v. State of M.P. [JT 1989 (3) SC 451] (Para 8)
8. Balwinder Singh v. State of Punjab [JT 1986 SC 940] (Para 8)
9. State of U.P. v. Sukhbasi and Ors. [AIR 1985 SC 1224] (Para 8)
10. Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra, [AIR 1984 SC 1622] (Para 15)
11. Earabhadrappa v. State of Karnataka [AIR 1983 SC 446] (Para 8)
12. Hukam Singh v. State of Rajasthan [AIR 1977 SC 1063] (Para 8)
13. Eradu and Ors. v. State of Hyderabad [AIR 1956 SC 316] (Para 8)
14. Bhagat Ram v. State of Punjab [AIR 1954 SC 621] (Para 8)
15. Hanumant Govind Nargundkar and Anr. v. State of Madhya Pradesh, [AIR 1952 SC 343] (Para 14)
JUDGEMENT:
Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.
1. Leave granted.
2. Challenge in this appeal is to the judgment of a Division Bench of the Madras High Court dismissing the appeal filed by the appellants. Seven accused persons faced trial. Appellants-accused were numbers as A-1 and A-2 respectively in the trial Court and before the High court. Out of seven accused persons who faced trial A-1 to A-5 and A-7 were convicted for offence punishable under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short the `IPC’) while A-1 to A-5 were also convicted for offence punishable under Section 302 IPC. In appeal the High Court set aside the conviction so far as A3, A4 and A5 are concerned in respect of offence punishable under Section 302 IPC.
3. Prosecution version in a nutshell is as follows:
The marriage between the first accused and Syed Ali Fathima (hereinafter referred to as `deceased’) took place on 22.4.2001. A2 is the brother of Al. A3 and A4 are the sisters of Al and AS is the mother and A6 is the father of Al. A7 is the aunt of Al. PW-l is the mother of the deceased. At the time of marriage, PW-l paid Rs.5,000/- and three sovereigns of gold jewels and after a period of two months, the first accused went to Mumbai seeking for a job. All the other accused ill-treated the deceased stating that the dowry demand was not met. Prior to the occurrence, the first accused came from Mumbai. PW-1 was summoned. At that time, there was a demand from accused Nos. 1, 2 and 7 that 10 sovereigns of gold and a sum of Rs.5,000/- towards ‘Seevarisai’ for Ramzan must be paid immediately. A-7 who was present at that time informed PW-1 that she can pay the said demand within a period of two months.
PW-2 is closely related to PW-1. On 6.3.2000, he came to Pallapatti and went to the house of PW-1. PW-2 was informed by PW-1 that there was a dowry demand from the side of the accused. A marriage was scheduled to take place in the house of a resident which is next to the house of the first accused and hence on 8.3.2002, PW-2 came to the house between 11 am and 12 noon. He was talking to the said neighbour. Since PW-2 knew that there was a dowry demand, he decided to meet the deceased in her house for that purpose. When he was just getting down through the staircase, he was able to see the house of the deceased Fathima. A window was kept open through which he was able to see within 10 feet. At that time, Al and A2 strangulated the deceased Fathima with a rope and A3 and A4 caught hold of both the arms. On seeing this, PW-2 was shocked. When he was witnessing the occurrence, A2 saw PW-2. Immediately, PW-2 went to the place of PW-1. But he could not meet anybody and he went to his native place, Salem and returned on the next day i.e. 9.3.2002.
On the day of occurrence, i.e., 8.3.2002, the son of the 2nd accused proceeded to the house of PW-1 and informed her that she was to be taken to the house of the accused and took her in a two wheeler. When PW-1 went to the house of the accused, the wife of A2 informed that the deceased Fathima was upstairs. When PW-1 went to upstairs, she found only the dead body of her daughter and PW-1 was able to see a ligature mark around the neck of the deceased. When PW-1 enquired, nobody gave any answer, but all laughed. PW-1 immediately came back and informed the relatives and proceeded to the police Station. PW-13, the Sub-Inspector of Police was on duty on the day of occurrence. P.W1 gave a complaint at about 17.30 hours which is marked as Exhibit P.1 on the strength of which a case came to be registered in Crime No.49/2002 under Section 174 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 ( in short the `Code’) was dispatched to the Court. On receipt of the copy of the F.l.R., PW-14 the Deputy Superintendent of Police took up investigation, proceeded to the scene of occurrence, made inspection and prepared Exhibit P.2- the observation Mahazar and Exhibit P.12- the rough sketch. He also sent a copy of the FIR to PW-10, the Revenue Divisional Officer who on receipt of the copy of the FIR proceeded to the place and also conducted inquest on the dead body in the presence of witnesses and prepared Exhibit P-9, the Inquest Report wherein he opined that it was not a case of suicide but it was the death by homicide. He also made enquiries from witnesses and the accused. Following the same, the dead body was subjected to postmortem by PW-9, the doctor attached to Govt. Headquarters Hospital, Karur, who opined that the deceased would appear to have died of Asphyxia due to strangulation about 24-36 hours prior to autopsy.
Originally, the case was registered under section 174 of Code. Later, it was converted into one under Sections 498A and 302 IPC and the Express F.I.R. Exhibit P.13 was dispatched to the court.
Pending investigation, accused Nos.1 to 6 were arrested. A2 came forward to give confessional statement voluntarily and the same was recorded by PW-13, the Deputy Superintendent of Police in the presence of witnesses, pursuant to which A2 has produced M.O.1-Nylon rope which was recovered under a cover of Mahazar, Exhibit P.4. All the accused were sent for judicial remand.
On completion of investigation, the investigating officer filed the final report. The case was committed to the Court of Sessions. Necessary charges were framed in order to substantiate the charges leveled against the accused. The prosecution examined 16 witnesses and relied upon 13 exhibits and 3 material objects. On completion of evidence on the side of the prosecution, the accused were questioned under section 313 of Code.
PW-2 was projected to be an eye witness. But he resiled from his statement made during investigation. The trial Court and the High Court proceeded on the basis as if the prosecution version rested on circumstantial evidence. Two circumstances were highlighted to fasten the guilt on the accused. The plea of alibi set up by A-1 having been disbelieved it must be presumed that he was guilty. Similarly, in respect of A-2 plea of suicide was ruled out by the evidence of doctor (PW-9). A-2 was held to be guilty. On the aforesaid ground the trial Court convicted the present appellants and the High Court concurred with the view of the trial Court.
4. Learned counsel for the appellants submitted that from the stage of trial, the prosecution case was that there was only one eye witness i.e. PW-2 but since he did not support the prosecution case, the prosecution proceeded to rely on the certain circumstances. It is submitted that the circumstances highlighted do not present a complete chain of circumstances to warrant the conclusion of guilt on the accused persons.
5. Learned counsel for the respondent-State on the other hand supported the judgment.
6. So far as Section 498-A is concerned according to learned counsel for the appellants the evidence is scanty but it is to be noticed that both the trial Court and the High Court having regard to the evidence of relatives concluded that the dowry demand was made. We do not find any infirmity with the conclusions arrived at more particularly in view of the evidence of PWs 1 and 2 and therefore there is no scope for interference with the conclusions relating to Section 498-A IPC.
7. The residual question is about the conviction in terms of Section 302 IPC.
8. It has been consistently laid down by this Court that where a case rests squarely on circumstantial evidence, the inference of guilt can be justified only when all the incriminating facts and circumstances are found to be incompatible with the innocence of the accused or the guilt of any other person. (See Hukam Singh v. State of Rajasthan [AIR 1977 SC 1063]; Eradu and Ors. v. State of Hyderabad [AIR 1956 SC 316]; Earabhadrappa v. State of Karnataka [AIR 1983 SC 446]; State of U.P. v. Sukhbasi and Ors. [AIR 1985 SC 1224]; Balwinder Singh v. State of Punjab [JT 1986 SC 940 ; AIR 1987 SC 350]; Ashok Kumar Chatterjee v. State of M.P. [JT 1989 (3) SC 451 ; AIR 1989 SC 1890]. The circumstances from which an inference as to the guilt of the accused is drawn have to be proved beyond reasonable doubt and have to be shown to be closely connected with the principal fact sought to be inferred from those circumstances. In Bhagat Ram v. State of Punjab [AIR 1954 SC 621], it was laid down that where the case depends upon the conclusion drawn from circumstances the cumulative effect of the circumstances must be such as to negate the innocence of the accused and bring the offences home beyond any reasonable doubt.
9. We may also make a reference to a decision of this Court in C. Chenga Reddy and Ors. v. State of A.P. [JT 1996 (6) SC 739 ; 1996 (10) SCC 193], wherein it has been observed thus:
‘In a case based on circumstantial evidence, the settled law is that the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is drawn should be fully proved and such circumstances must be conclusive in nature. Moreover, all the circumstances should be complete and there should be no gap left in the chain of evidence. Further the proved circumstances must be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused and totally inconsistent with his innocence….’.
10. In Padala Veera Reddy v. State of A.P. and Ors. [JT 1989 (4) SC 223 ; AIR 1990 SC 79], it was laid down that when a case rests upon circumstantial evidence, such evidence must satisfy the following tests:
‘(1) the circumstances from which an inference of guilt is sought to be drawn, must be cogently and firmly established;
(2) those circumstances should be of a definite tendency unerringly pointing towards guilt of the accused;
(3) the circumstances, taken cumulatively should form a chain so complete that there is no escape from the conclusion that within all human probability the crime was committed by the accused and none else; and
(4) the circumstantial evidence in order to sustain conviction must be complete and incapable of explanation of any other hypothesis than that of the guilt of the accused and such evidence should not only be consistent with the guilt of the accused but should be inconsistent with his innocence.’
11. In State of U.P. v. Ashok Kumar Srivastava, [JT 1992 (1) SC 340 ; 1992 Crl.LJ 1104], it was pointed out that great care must be taken in evaluating circumstantial evidence and if the evidence relied on is reasonably capable of two inferences, the one in favour of the accused must be accepted. It was also pointed out that the circumstances relied upon must be found to have been fully established and the cumulative effect of all the facts so established must be consistent only with the hypothesis of guilt.
12. Sir Alfred Wills in his admirable book ‘Wills’ Circumstantial Evidence’ (Chapter VI) lays down the following rules specially to be observed in the case of circumstantial evidence: ‘(1) the facts alleged as the basis of any legal inference must be clearly proved and beyond reasonable doubt connected with the factum probandum; (2) the burden of proof is always on the party who asserts the existence of any fact, which infers legal accountability; (3) in all cases, whether of direct or circumstantial evidence the best evidence must be adduced which the nature of the case admits; (4) in order to justify the inference of guilt, the inculpatory facts must be incompatible with the innocence of the accused and incapable of explanation, upon any other reasonable hypothesis than that of his guilt, (5) if there be any reasonable doubt of the guilt of the accused, he is entitled as of right to be acquitted’.
13. There is no doubt that conviction can be based solely on circumstantial evidence but it should be tested by the touch-stone of law relating to circumstantial evidence laid down by the this Court as far back as in 1952.
14. In Hanumant Govind Nargundkar and Anr. v. State of Madhya Pradesh, [AIR 1952 SC 343], wherein it was observed thus:
‘It is well to remember that in cases where the evidence is of a circumstantial nature, the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn should be in the first instance be fully established and all the facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused. Again, the circumstances should be of a conclusive nature and tendency and they should be such as to exclude every hypothesis but the one proposed to be proved. In other words, there must be a chain of evidence so far complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for a conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and it must be such as to show that within all human probability the act must have been done by the accused.’
15. A reference may be made to a later decision in Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra, [AIR 1984 SC 1622]. Therein, while dealing with circumstantial evidence, it has been held that onus was on the prosecution to prove that the chain is complete and the infirmity of lacuna in prosecution cannot be cured by false defence or plea. The conditions precedent in the words of this Court, before conviction could be based on circumstantial evidence, must be fully established. They are:
(1) the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn should be fully established. The circumstances concerned `must’ or `should’ and not `may be’ established;
(2) the facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused, that is to say, they should not be explainable on any other hypothesis except that the accused is guilty;
(3) the circumstances should be of a conclusive nature and tendency;
(4) they should exclude every possible hypothesis except the one to be proved; and
(5) there must be a chain of evidence so complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for the conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and must show that in all human probability the act must have been done by the accused.
16. These aspects were highlighted in State of Rajasthan v. Raja Ram [JT 2003 (7) SC 199 ; 2003 (8) SCC 180], State of Haryana v. Jagbir Singh and Anr. [JT 2003 (Suppl. 2) SC 393 ; 2003 (11) SCC 261] and Kusuma Ankama Rao v State of A.P. [JT 2008 (7) SC 360].
17. The circumstances highlighted by the prosecution to bring in application of Section 302 IPC are insufficient and scanty. That being so, the conviction as recorded in terms of Section 302 IPC cannot be maintained and is set aside. The sentences imposed in respect of Section 498-A IPC does not warrant interference. In the ultimate result, the conviction in terms of Section 302 is set aside while that under Section 498-A stands confirmed.
18. The appeal is allowed to the aforesaid extent.
1. Leave granted.
2. Challenge in this appeal is to the judgment of a Division Bench of the Madras High Court dismissing the appeal filed by the appellants. Seven accused persons faced trial. Appellants-accused were numbers as A-1 and A-2 respectively in the trial Court and before the High court. Out of seven accused persons who faced trial A-1 to A-5 and A-7 were convicted for offence punishable under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short the `IPC’) while A-1 to A-5 were also convicted for offence punishable under Section 302 IPC. In appeal the High Court set aside the conviction so far as A3, A4 and A5 are concerned in respect of offence punishable under Section 302 IPC.
3. Prosecution version in a nutshell is as follows:
The marriage between the first accused and Syed Ali Fathima (hereinafter referred to as `deceased’) took place on 22.4.2001. A2 is the brother of Al. A3 and A4 are the sisters of Al and AS is the mother and A6 is the father of Al. A7 is the aunt of Al. PW-l is the mother of the deceased. At the time of marriage, PW-l paid Rs.5,000/- and three sovereigns of gold jewels and after a period of two months, the first accused went to Mumbai seeking for a job. All the other accused ill-treated the deceased stating that the dowry demand was not met. Prior to the occurrence, the first accused came from Mumbai. PW-1 was summoned. At that time, there was a demand from accused Nos. 1, 2 and 7 that 10 sovereigns of gold and a sum of Rs.5,000/- towards ‘Seevarisai’ for Ramzan must be paid immediately. A-7 who was present at that time informed PW-1 that she can pay the said demand within a period of two months.
PW-2 is closely related to PW-1. On 6.3.2000, he came to Pallapatti and went to the house of PW-1. PW-2 was informed by PW-1 that there was a dowry demand from the side of the accused. A marriage was scheduled to take place in the house of a resident which is next to the house of the first accused and hence on 8.3.2002, PW-2 came to the house between 11 am and 12 noon. He was talking to the said neighbour. Since PW-2 knew that there was a dowry demand, he decided to meet the deceased in her house for that purpose. When he was just getting down through the staircase, he was able to see the house of the deceased Fathima. A window was kept open through which he was able to see within 10 feet. At that time, Al and A2 strangulated the deceased Fathima with a rope and A3 and A4 caught hold of both the arms. On seeing this, PW-2 was shocked. When he was witnessing the occurrence, A2 saw PW-2. Immediately, PW-2 went to the place of PW-1. But he could not meet anybody and he went to his native place, Salem and returned on the next day i.e. 9.3.2002.
On the day of occurrence, i.e., 8.3.2002, the son of the 2nd accused proceeded to the house of PW-1 and informed her that she was to be taken to the house of the accused and took her in a two wheeler. When PW-1 went to the house of the accused, the wife of A2 informed that the deceased Fathima was upstairs. When PW-1 went to upstairs, she found only the dead body of her daughter and PW-1 was able to see a ligature mark around the neck of the deceased. When PW-1 enquired, nobody gave any answer, but all laughed. PW-1 immediately came back and informed the relatives and proceeded to the police Station. PW-13, the Sub-Inspector of Police was on duty on the day of occurrence. P.W1 gave a complaint at about 17.30 hours which is marked as Exhibit P.1 on the strength of which a case came to be registered in Crime No.49/2002 under Section 174 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 ( in short the `Code’) was dispatched to the Court. On receipt of the copy of the F.l.R., PW-14 the Deputy Superintendent of Police took up investigation, proceeded to the scene of occurrence, made inspection and prepared Exhibit P.2- the observation Mahazar and Exhibit P.12- the rough sketch. He also sent a copy of the FIR to PW-10, the Revenue Divisional Officer who on receipt of the copy of the FIR proceeded to the place and also conducted inquest on the dead body in the presence of witnesses and prepared Exhibit P-9, the Inquest Report wherein he opined that it was not a case of suicide but it was the death by homicide. He also made enquiries from witnesses and the accused. Following the same, the dead body was subjected to postmortem by PW-9, the doctor attached to Govt. Headquarters Hospital, Karur, who opined that the deceased would appear to have died of Asphyxia due to strangulation about 24-36 hours prior to autopsy.
Originally, the case was registered under section 174 of Code. Later, it was converted into one under Sections 498A and 302 IPC and the Express F.I.R. Exhibit P.13 was dispatched to the court.
Pending investigation, accused Nos.1 to 6 were arrested. A2 came forward to give confessional statement voluntarily and the same was recorded by PW-13, the Deputy Superintendent of Police in the presence of witnesses, pursuant to which A2 has produced M.O.1-Nylon rope which was recovered under a cover of Mahazar, Exhibit P.4. All the accused were sent for judicial remand.
On completion of investigation, the investigating officer filed the final report. The case was committed to the Court of Sessions. Necessary charges were framed in order to substantiate the charges leveled against the accused. The prosecution examined 16 witnesses and relied upon 13 exhibits and 3 material objects. On completion of evidence on the side of the prosecution, the accused were questioned under section 313 of Code.
PW-2 was projected to be an eye witness. But he resiled from his statement made during investigation. The trial Court and the High Court proceeded on the basis as if the prosecution version rested on circumstantial evidence. Two circumstances were highlighted to fasten the guilt on the accused. The plea of alibi set up by A-1 having been disbelieved it must be presumed that he was guilty. Similarly, in respect of A-2 plea of suicide was ruled out by the evidence of doctor (PW-9). A-2 was held to be guilty. On the aforesaid ground the trial Court convicted the present appellants and the High Court concurred with the view of the trial Court.
4. Learned counsel for the appellants submitted that from the stage of trial, the prosecution case was that there was only one eye witness i.e. PW-2 but since he did not support the prosecution case, the prosecution proceeded to rely on the certain circumstances. It is submitted that the circumstances highlighted do not present a complete chain of circumstances to warrant the conclusion of guilt on the accused persons.
5. Learned counsel for the respondent-State on the other hand supported the judgment.
6. So far as Section 498-A is concerned according to learned counsel for the appellants the evidence is scanty but it is to be noticed that both the trial Court and the High Court having regard to the evidence of relatives concluded that the dowry demand was made. We do not find any infirmity with the conclusions arrived at more particularly in view of the evidence of PWs 1 and 2 and therefore there is no scope for interference with the conclusions relating to Section 498-A IPC.
7. The residual question is about the conviction in terms of Section 302 IPC.
8. It has been consistently laid down by this Court that where a case rests squarely on circumstantial evidence, the inference of guilt can be justified only when all the incriminating facts and circumstances are found to be incompatible with the innocence of the accused or the guilt of any other person. (See Hukam Singh v. State of Rajasthan [AIR 1977 SC 1063]; Eradu and Ors. v. State of Hyderabad [AIR 1956 SC 316]; Earabhadrappa v. State of Karnataka [AIR 1983 SC 446]; State of U.P. v. Sukhbasi and Ors. [AIR 1985 SC 1224]; Balwinder Singh v. State of Punjab [JT 1986 SC 940 ; AIR 1987 SC 350]; Ashok Kumar Chatterjee v. State of M.P. [JT 1989 (3) SC 451 ; AIR 1989 SC 1890]. The circumstances from which an inference as to the guilt of the accused is drawn have to be proved beyond reasonable doubt and have to be shown to be closely connected with the principal fact sought to be inferred from those circumstances. In Bhagat Ram v. State of Punjab [AIR 1954 SC 621], it was laid down that where the case depends upon the conclusion drawn from circumstances the cumulative effect of the circumstances must be such as to negate the innocence of the accused and bring the offences home beyond any reasonable doubt.
9. We may also make a reference to a decision of this Court in C. Chenga Reddy and Ors. v. State of A.P. [JT 1996 (6) SC 739 ; 1996 (10) SCC 193], wherein it has been observed thus:
‘In a case based on circumstantial evidence, the settled law is that the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is drawn should be fully proved and such circumstances must be conclusive in nature. Moreover, all the circumstances should be complete and there should be no gap left in the chain of evidence. Further the proved circumstances must be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused and totally inconsistent with his innocence….’.
10. In Padala Veera Reddy v. State of A.P. and Ors. [JT 1989 (4) SC 223 ; AIR 1990 SC 79], it was laid down that when a case rests upon circumstantial evidence, such evidence must satisfy the following tests:
‘(1) the circumstances from which an inference of guilt is sought to be drawn, must be cogently and firmly established;
(2) those circumstances should be of a definite tendency unerringly pointing towards guilt of the accused;
(3) the circumstances, taken cumulatively should form a chain so complete that there is no escape from the conclusion that within all human probability the crime was committed by the accused and none else; and
(4) the circumstantial evidence in order to sustain conviction must be complete and incapable of explanation of any other hypothesis than that of the guilt of the accused and such evidence should not only be consistent with the guilt of the accused but should be inconsistent with his innocence.’
11. In State of U.P. v. Ashok Kumar Srivastava, [JT 1992 (1) SC 340 ; 1992 Crl.LJ 1104], it was pointed out that great care must be taken in evaluating circumstantial evidence and if the evidence relied on is reasonably capable of two inferences, the one in favour of the accused must be accepted. It was also pointed out that the circumstances relied upon must be found to have been fully established and the cumulative effect of all the facts so established must be consistent only with the hypothesis of guilt.
12. Sir Alfred Wills in his admirable book ‘Wills’ Circumstantial Evidence’ (Chapter VI) lays down the following rules specially to be observed in the case of circumstantial evidence: ‘(1) the facts alleged as the basis of any legal inference must be clearly proved and beyond reasonable doubt connected with the factum probandum; (2) the burden of proof is always on the party who asserts the existence of any fact, which infers legal accountability; (3) in all cases, whether of direct or circumstantial evidence the best evidence must be adduced which the nature of the case admits; (4) in order to justify the inference of guilt, the inculpatory facts must be incompatible with the innocence of the accused and incapable of explanation, upon any other reasonable hypothesis than that of his guilt, (5) if there be any reasonable doubt of the guilt of the accused, he is entitled as of right to be acquitted’.
13. There is no doubt that conviction can be based solely on circumstantial evidence but it should be tested by the touch-stone of law relating to circumstantial evidence laid down by the this Court as far back as in 1952.
14. In Hanumant Govind Nargundkar and Anr. v. State of Madhya Pradesh, [AIR 1952 SC 343], wherein it was observed thus:
‘It is well to remember that in cases where the evidence is of a circumstantial nature, the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn should be in the first instance be fully established and all the facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused. Again, the circumstances should be of a conclusive nature and tendency and they should be such as to exclude every hypothesis but the one proposed to be proved. In other words, there must be a chain of evidence so far complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for a conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and it must be such as to show that within all human probability the act must have been done by the accused.’
15. A reference may be made to a later decision in Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra, [AIR 1984 SC 1622]. Therein, while dealing with circumstantial evidence, it has been held that onus was on the prosecution to prove that the chain is complete and the infirmity of lacuna in prosecution cannot be cured by false defence or plea. The conditions precedent in the words of this Court, before conviction could be based on circumstantial evidence, must be fully established. They are:
(1) the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn should be fully established. The circumstances concerned `must’ or `should’ and not `may be’ established;
(2) the facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused, that is to say, they should not be explainable on any other hypothesis except that the accused is guilty;
(3) the circumstances should be of a conclusive nature and tendency;
(4) they should exclude every possible hypothesis except the one to be proved; and
(5) there must be a chain of evidence so complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for the conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and must show that in all human probability the act must have been done by the accused.
16. These aspects were highlighted in State of Rajasthan v. Raja Ram [JT 2003 (7) SC 199 ; 2003 (8) SCC 180], State of Haryana v. Jagbir Singh and Anr. [JT 2003 (Suppl. 2) SC 393 ; 2003 (11) SCC 261] and Kusuma Ankama Rao v State of A.P. [JT 2008 (7) SC 360].
17. The circumstances highlighted by the prosecution to bring in application of Section 302 IPC are insufficient and scanty. That being so, the conviction as recorded in terms of Section 302 IPC cannot be maintained and is set aside. The sentences imposed in respect of Section 498-A IPC does not warrant interference. In the ultimate result, the conviction in terms of Section 302 is set aside while that under Section 498-A stands confirmed.
18. The appeal is allowed to the aforesaid extent.
