State of West Bengal & Ors. Vs. Samar Kumar Sarkar
EmailAppeal: Civil Appeal No. 4350 of 2009
(Arising out of SLP(C) No. 22165 of 2008)
[From the Judgment & Order dated 07.07.2008 of the High Court of Calcutta in W.P.S.T. No. 649 of 2007]
(Arising out of SLP(C) No. 22165 of 2008)
[From the Judgment & Order dated 07.07.2008 of the High Court of Calcutta in W.P.S.T. No. 649 of 2007]
Petitioner: State of West Bengal & Ors.
Respondent: Samar Kumar Sarkar
Apeal: Civil Appeal No. 4350 of 2009
(Arising out of SLP(C) No. 22165 of 2008)
[From the Judgment & Order dated 07.07.2008 of the High Court of Calcutta in W.P.S.T. No. 649 of 2007]
(Arising out of SLP(C) No. 22165 of 2008)
[From the Judgment & Order dated 07.07.2008 of the High Court of Calcutta in W.P.S.T. No. 649 of 2007]
Judges: Tarun Chatterjee & H.L. Dattu, JJ.
Date of Judgment: Jul 14, 2009
Appearances:
Appearances
Mr. Tara Chandra Sharma, Ms. Neelam Shrama, Advocates for Appellant(s)
Mr. Tara Chandra Sharma, Ms. Neelam Shrama, Advocates for Appellant(s)
Mr. Shravan Kumar, Senior Advocate, Mr. Neeraj Shekhar, Mr. Amit Kumar Singh, Advocates with him for Respondent(s)
Head Note:
Service & Labour LAWS
Constitution of India, 1950
Articles 226, 227 – Prayer before Tribunal to appoint applicant in the post of group ‘D’ in the office of District Land and Land Reform Officer – Tribunal giving three weeks time to respondent to file reply – Petition moved under Articles 226 and 227, dismissed by High Court – One more Writ under Articles 227 and 226 filed with a request of issuance of Writ of mandamus directing respondent to appoint and release arrears of salary – High Court directing registry of Tribunal to transmit all the original records under Article 227. Held High Court has been given the power of superintendence of both judicial and administrative matters over all subordinate courts and Tribunal under Article 227 and same must be exercised sparingly and in appropriate cases. The High Court should have directed Tribunal under Article 227 to dispose of the matter expeditiously instead of transferring the matter to itself.
Constitution of India, 1950
Articles 226, 227 – Prayer before Tribunal to appoint applicant in the post of group ‘D’ in the office of District Land and Land Reform Officer – Tribunal giving three weeks time to respondent to file reply – Petition moved under Articles 226 and 227, dismissed by High Court – One more Writ under Articles 227 and 226 filed with a request of issuance of Writ of mandamus directing respondent to appoint and release arrears of salary – High Court directing registry of Tribunal to transmit all the original records under Article 227. Held High Court has been given the power of superintendence of both judicial and administrative matters over all subordinate courts and Tribunal under Article 227 and same must be exercised sparingly and in appropriate cases. The High Court should have directed Tribunal under Article 227 to dispose of the matter expeditiously instead of transferring the matter to itself.
Article 228 – It lays down procedure of transfer of case pending in subordinate courts. Conditions for its application is that the case pending in subordinate court must involve substantial question of law as to the interpretation of constitution or the Government of India Act 1935 and determination of the question of law is necessary for disposal of case.
Held:
Under Article 227, the High Court has been given power of superintendence both in judicial as well as administrative matters over all Courts and Tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction. (Para 10)
The power of superintendence of the High Court under Article 227 being extraordinary was to be exercised most sparingly and only in appropriate cases. (Para 12)
It would have been proper if the High Court in exercising its jurisdiction under Article 227 had directed the Tribunal to dispose of the matter expeditiously, instead of transferring the matter to itself. (Para 21)
Therefore, the High Court in exercise of power under Article 228 of the Constitution can withdraw a case from subordinate Court and decide the whole case by itself or decide the question of law and return the case to the Court from which it is withdrawn. But the primary ingredient for exercise of the power under this Article is that the case should contain a substantial question of law, which requires an interpretation of the Constitution. (Para 17)
Cases Reffered:
1. State through Special Cell, New Delhi v. Navjot Sandhu, [JT 2003 (4)SC 605] (Para 14)
2. Umaji Keshao Rao Mesharam v. Radhikabai [1986 Supp. SCC 401] (Para 15)
3. Bathutmal Raichand Oswal v. Laxmibai R. Tarta, [(1975) 1 SCC 858] (Para 12)
4. Gujarat v. Vakhatsinghji Vajesinghji Vaghela, [AIR 1968 SC 1481] (Para 11)
5. Thakur Jugal Kishore v. Sitamarhi Central Cooperative Bank Ltd.[(1967) 3 SLR 163] (Para 7)
6. Thakur Jugal Kishore Sinha v. Sitamarhi Central Coop. Bank Ltd. [(1967) 3 SCR 163] (Para 19)
7. Nagendra Nath Bora v. Commissioner of Hills Division and Appeals [AIR 1958 SC 398] (Para 20)
8. Rao Shiva Bahadur Singh v. State of Vindya Pradesh [(1956) 2 SCR 206] (Para 16)
JUDGEMENT:
H.L. Dattu, J.
1. Leave granted.
2. The petition raises an important question as to the power of the High Court under Article 227 of the Constitution of India to transfer an application filed under Section 19 of the Administrative Tribunal Act pending before the Administrative Tribunal to the High Court for its consideration and decision.
3. The facts in nutshell are, the respondent before the West Bengal Administrative Tribunal is the petitioner in this petition. The respondent in the present petition filed O.A. No. 912 of 2003 under Section 19 of the Administrative Tribunal Act, 1985, before the West Bengal State Administrative Tribunal, inter alia requesting the Tribunal to direct respondents therein to appoint the applicant to the post of Group `D in the office of District Land and Land Reforms Officer, Howrah, on the ground that he had served as Tahsil Mohurrior under the Block Land and Land Reforms Officer, Shyampur. After service of notice on the respondents, several adjournments were granted by the Tribunal to the parties to complete the pleadings. The application thereafter was posted before the Tribunal on 1.2.2005. The Tribunal had granted permission to the respondents therein to file its reply, if any, within three weeks. Aggrieved by the order so passed, the applicant had moved a petition before the High Court at Calcutta under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution, assailing the correctness or otherwise of the order dated 1.2.2005 and also praying for the very same reliefs that was sought in the application. The Court by its order dated 7.3.2005 had rejected the writ petition on the ground that the petition filed is premature.
4. The Tribunal could not hear the application for various reasons. Those reasons are not relevant for the purpose of disposal of this appeal. Therefore, we are not adverting to the orders passed by the Tribunal on several dates of hearing.
5. The respondent herein who was applicant before the Tribunal has filed one more writ petition under Article 226 and 227 of the Constitution in the High Court at Calcutta, wherein apart from others has requested the court for issuance of a writ in the nature of mandamus directing the respondents in the said application to give appointment to him with effect from 6.3.2000 and to release arrears of salary and other benefits. The writ petition No. 649 of 2007 was heard by the High Court on 7.7.2008. The High Court by its order dated 7.7.2008, directed the Registry of the West Bengal Administrative Tribunal to transmit all the original records of O.A. No. 912 of 2003 to the High Court for taking a decision in the matter. The findings and the observations of the High Court in its order dated 7.7.2008 are as under:
In our view, with great respect, the learned Tribunal having found no time on earlier occasions, should have placed, at least on a particular date, this matter at the top of the list so that the matter could have been heard. In our order dated 16th August, 2007, it was observed that in the event the learned Tribunal could not hear out this matter, this Court will, in exercise of its power under Article 227 of the Constitution of India withdraw the same and hear out the matter, as the learned Tribunal has failed to decide the matter. Accordingly, we are of the view that the learned Tribunal has failed to decide the matter. We are not oblivious of the position of law that this Court cannot try the above matter at the first instance in view of the judgment of Supreme Court rendered in the case of L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India – [JT 1997(3) SC 589]. But this Court having superintending power cannot remain passive institution when learned Tribunal abdicates its legal, if not constitutional duty. When a subordinate Court or Tribunal fails or neglects absolutely to function, it can be concluded without any hesitation that extra ordinary situation has arisen that endanger due process of law. In such situation to disclose constitutional obligation to the citizens of India, this Court has power, in our opinion, not only to withdraw the case of this nature, but to try the same. The word Superintendence is of wide connotation. It has inclusive meaning which inter alia are to oversee, monitor so that things is done or act is accomplished with logical conclusion and finally in case of failure to take upon itself to do and accomplish what ought to have been done by person or forum subordinate to it.
Hence, we direct the Registry of the learned Tribunal to transmit all the original records of O.A.No. 912 of 2003 (Samar Kr. Sarkar v. State of W.B. and Ors.) to this Court, for taking a decision in this matter.
The records shall be transmitted to this Court by special messenger, cost of which shall be paid by the applicant and this shall be brought to this Court within fortnight from the date of service of copy of this order.
6. Aggrieved by the aforesaid order, the respondents in the application are before us in this civil appeal.
7. The learned Senior Counsel for the appellant submitted that the impugned order of the High Court in withdrawing the application O.A.No. 912 of 2003 (Samar K.V. v. State of West Bengal and Others) pending before West Bengal Administrative Tribunal for its consideration and decision is contrary to law and also decision of this Court in the case of Thakur Jugal Kishore v. Sitamarhi Central Cooperative Bank Ltd., [(1967) 3 SLR 163], wherein it is stated, that, `needless to add that errors as to the interpretation of the Constitution is not out of the purview of Article 227, although the High Court could not, under the powers conferred by this Article, withdraw a case to itself from a Tribunal and dispose of the same, or determine merely the question of law as to the interpretation of Constitution arising before the Tribunal. It is further submitted that the High Court has no inherent power to transfer a case to itself outside the provisions contained in Article 228 of the Constitution of India and since the instant case is not covered by Article 226 of the Constitution of India, the High Court committed a grave error in directing the transfer of the case pending before the State Administrative Tribunal to itself. It is further submitted that the order and direction issued by the High Court is contrary to the direction and observation made by this Court in the case of L. Chandrakumar v. Union of India and Others.
8. The learned Counsel for the contesting respondent submitted that the petition that was filed before the High Court was both under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution and therefore, the High Court in exercise of its supervisory jurisdiction was justified in directing the Tribunal to transmit all the records pertaining to the case of the respondent, since there was inordinate delay by the Tribunal in deciding an application which did not involve either complicated questions of fact or the law.
9. The relevant Articles of the Constitution of India may be extracted:
Article 227 : Power of superintendence over all Courts by the High Court:
(1) Every High Court shall have superintendence over all Courts and Tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction.
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provisions, the High Court may –
(a) call for returns from such Courts;
(b) make and issue general rules and prescribe forms for regulating the practice and proceedings of such Courts; and
(c) prescribe forms in which books, entries and accounts shall be kept by the officers of any such Courts.
(3) The High Court may also settle tables of fees to be allowed to the sheriff and all clerks and officers of such Courts and to attorneys, advocates and pleaders practicing therein:
PROVIDED that any rules made, forms prescribed or tables settled under clause (2) or clause (3) shall not be inconsistent with the provision of any law for the time being in force, and shall require the previous approval of the Governor.
(4) Nothing in this article shall be deemed to confer on a High Court powers of superintendence over any Court or Tribunal constituted by or under any law relating to the Armed Forces.
Article 228: Transfer of certain cases to High Court: If the High Court is satisfied that a case pending in a Court subordinate to it involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution the determination of which is necessary for the disposal of the case, it shall withdraw the case and may –
a. either dispose of the case itself, or
b. determine the said question of law and return the case to the Court from which the case has been so withdrawn together with a copy of its judgment on such question, and the said Court shall on receipt thereof proceed to dispose of the case in conformity with such judgment.
10. Under Article 227, the High Court has been given power of superintendence both in judicial as well as administrative matters over all Courts and Tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction. It is in order to indicate the plenitude of the power conferred upon the High Court with respect to Courts and the Tribunals of every kind that the Constitution conferred the power of superintendence on the High Court. The power of superintendence conferred upon the High Court is not as extensive as the power conferred upon it by Article 226 of the Constitution. Thus, ordinarily it will be open to the High Court, in exercise of the power of superintendence only to consider whether there is an error of jurisdiction in the decision of the Court or the Tribunal subject to its superintendence.
11. In the case of Gujarat v. Vakhatsinghji Vajesinghji Vaghela, [AIR 1968 SC 1481], this Court held, that Article 227 of the Constitution of India gives the High Court the power of superintendence over all Courts and Tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction. It is held that this jurisdiction cannot be limited or fettered by any act of the State Legislature. It is held that the supervisory jurisdiction extends to keeping the subordinate Tribunals within the limits of the authority and to seeking that they obey the law.
12. In Bathutmal Raichand Oswal v. Laxmibai R. Tarta, [(1975) 1 SCC 858], this Court again reaffirmed that the power of superintendence of the High Court under Article 227 being extraordinary was to be exercised most sparingly and only in appropriate cases. High Courts function is limited to see that the subordinate court or Tribunal functioned within the limits of its authority. The Court further said that the jurisdiction under Article 227 could not be exercised `as the cloak of an appeal in disguise.
13. This Court in the case of State through Special Cell, New Delhi v. Navjot Sandhu, [JT 2003 (4) SC 605], held that Article 227 of the Constitution of India gives the High Court the power of superintendence over all Courts and Tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercise jurisdiction. The powers under Article 227 are wide and can be used, to meet the ends of justice. However, the power under Article 227 is a discretionary power and it is difficult to attribute to an order of the High Court, such a source of power, when the High Court itself does not in terms purport to exercise any such discretionary power.
14. Article 228 of the Constitution covers a different field from that covered by Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution. It lays down the procedure regarding transfer of a case pending in Courts subordinate to the High Court. This power is not to be founded both under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution. The conditions that require to be fulfilled before Article 228 of the Constitution can be applied are, that a case must be pending in the Court subordinate to the High Court, the case must involve a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution or the Government of India Act, 1935 and the determination of the question of law must be necessary for disposal of the case. Once these three conditions are fulfilled, the Article requires that the High Court will withdraw the case and then may either dispose of the case itself or determine the question of law and return the case to the Court from which the case has been withdrawn.
15. Reference may also made to the decision of this Court in the case of Umaji Keshao Rao Mesharam v. Radhikabai, [1986 Supp. SCC 401], wherein, it was held that Article 228 confers upon the High Court the power to transfer a case pending in a Court subordinate to it for disposal by itself if it involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution.
16. In Rao Shiva Bahadur Singh v. State of Vindya Pradesh, [(1956) 2 SCR 206], it is stated by this Court that the High Court if satisfied that a case pending in a Court subordinate to it involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution, the determination which is necessary for the disposal of the case, may withdraw the case either to dispose of the case itself or determine the said question of law and return the case to the Court from which it has been so withdrawn so as to enable the said Court to proceed to dispose of the case in conformity with the judgment of the High Court.
17. Therefore, the High Court in exercise of power under Article 228 of the Constitution can withdraw a case from subordinate Court and decide the whole case by itself or decide the question of law and return the case to the Court from which it is withdrawn. But the primary ingredient for exercise of the power under this Article is that the case should contain a substantial question of law, which requires an interpretation of the Constitution.
18. But, at this stage, we are not concerned in this appeal with Article 228 of the Constitution but only with Article 227 of the Constitution and more specifically with the correctness of the order passed by the Division Bench of the High Court, wherein the High Court has withdrawn the application pending before the Administrative Tribunal for its consideration and decision.
19. With regard to the power of the High Court in withdrawing a case from the Tribunal for deciding it by itself by exercising its power under Article 227, this Court in the case of Thakur Jugal Kishore Sinha v. Sitamarhi Central Coop. Bank Ltd., [(1967) 3 SCR 163], held that Article 227 is of wider ambit; it does not limit the jurisdiction of the High Court to the hierarchy of Courts functioning directly under it under the Civil Procedure Code and Criminal Procedure Code but it gives the High Court power to correct errors of various kinds of all Courts and Tribunals in appropriate cases. Needless to add that errors as to the interpretation of the Constitution is not out of the purview of Article 227 although the High Court could not, under the powers conferred by this Article, withdraw a case to itself from a Tribunal and dispose of the same, or determine merely the question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution arising before the Tribunal.
20. It was held in the case of Nagendra Nath Bora v. Commissioner of Hills Division and Appeals, [AIR 1958 SC 398], that under Article 226, the power of interference may extend to quashing an impugned order on the ground of a mistake apparent on the face of the record. But under Article 227 of the Constitution, the power of interference is limited to seeing that the Tribunal functions within the limits of its authority.
21. In the light of the above discussions, in our view, it would have been proper if the High Court in exercising its jurisdiction under Article 227 had directed the Tribunal to dispose of the matter expeditiously, instead of transferring the matter to itself.
22. In the result, the appeal is allowed. The impugned order is set aside. The High Court is requested to return all the documents pertaining to O.A.No. 912 of 2003 to the Administrative Tribunal forthwith. The Tribunal is directed to consider the matter promptly and dispose of the same within six months from the date of the pronouncement of this judgment. No order as to costs.
*********
1. Leave granted.
2. The petition raises an important question as to the power of the High Court under Article 227 of the Constitution of India to transfer an application filed under Section 19 of the Administrative Tribunal Act pending before the Administrative Tribunal to the High Court for its consideration and decision.
3. The facts in nutshell are, the respondent before the West Bengal Administrative Tribunal is the petitioner in this petition. The respondent in the present petition filed O.A. No. 912 of 2003 under Section 19 of the Administrative Tribunal Act, 1985, before the West Bengal State Administrative Tribunal, inter alia requesting the Tribunal to direct respondents therein to appoint the applicant to the post of Group `D in the office of District Land and Land Reforms Officer, Howrah, on the ground that he had served as Tahsil Mohurrior under the Block Land and Land Reforms Officer, Shyampur. After service of notice on the respondents, several adjournments were granted by the Tribunal to the parties to complete the pleadings. The application thereafter was posted before the Tribunal on 1.2.2005. The Tribunal had granted permission to the respondents therein to file its reply, if any, within three weeks. Aggrieved by the order so passed, the applicant had moved a petition before the High Court at Calcutta under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution, assailing the correctness or otherwise of the order dated 1.2.2005 and also praying for the very same reliefs that was sought in the application. The Court by its order dated 7.3.2005 had rejected the writ petition on the ground that the petition filed is premature.
4. The Tribunal could not hear the application for various reasons. Those reasons are not relevant for the purpose of disposal of this appeal. Therefore, we are not adverting to the orders passed by the Tribunal on several dates of hearing.
5. The respondent herein who was applicant before the Tribunal has filed one more writ petition under Article 226 and 227 of the Constitution in the High Court at Calcutta, wherein apart from others has requested the court for issuance of a writ in the nature of mandamus directing the respondents in the said application to give appointment to him with effect from 6.3.2000 and to release arrears of salary and other benefits. The writ petition No. 649 of 2007 was heard by the High Court on 7.7.2008. The High Court by its order dated 7.7.2008, directed the Registry of the West Bengal Administrative Tribunal to transmit all the original records of O.A. No. 912 of 2003 to the High Court for taking a decision in the matter. The findings and the observations of the High Court in its order dated 7.7.2008 are as under:
In our view, with great respect, the learned Tribunal having found no time on earlier occasions, should have placed, at least on a particular date, this matter at the top of the list so that the matter could have been heard. In our order dated 16th August, 2007, it was observed that in the event the learned Tribunal could not hear out this matter, this Court will, in exercise of its power under Article 227 of the Constitution of India withdraw the same and hear out the matter, as the learned Tribunal has failed to decide the matter. Accordingly, we are of the view that the learned Tribunal has failed to decide the matter. We are not oblivious of the position of law that this Court cannot try the above matter at the first instance in view of the judgment of Supreme Court rendered in the case of L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India – [JT 1997(3) SC 589]. But this Court having superintending power cannot remain passive institution when learned Tribunal abdicates its legal, if not constitutional duty. When a subordinate Court or Tribunal fails or neglects absolutely to function, it can be concluded without any hesitation that extra ordinary situation has arisen that endanger due process of law. In such situation to disclose constitutional obligation to the citizens of India, this Court has power, in our opinion, not only to withdraw the case of this nature, but to try the same. The word Superintendence is of wide connotation. It has inclusive meaning which inter alia are to oversee, monitor so that things is done or act is accomplished with logical conclusion and finally in case of failure to take upon itself to do and accomplish what ought to have been done by person or forum subordinate to it.
Hence, we direct the Registry of the learned Tribunal to transmit all the original records of O.A.No. 912 of 2003 (Samar Kr. Sarkar v. State of W.B. and Ors.) to this Court, for taking a decision in this matter.
The records shall be transmitted to this Court by special messenger, cost of which shall be paid by the applicant and this shall be brought to this Court within fortnight from the date of service of copy of this order.
6. Aggrieved by the aforesaid order, the respondents in the application are before us in this civil appeal.
7. The learned Senior Counsel for the appellant submitted that the impugned order of the High Court in withdrawing the application O.A.No. 912 of 2003 (Samar K.V. v. State of West Bengal and Others) pending before West Bengal Administrative Tribunal for its consideration and decision is contrary to law and also decision of this Court in the case of Thakur Jugal Kishore v. Sitamarhi Central Cooperative Bank Ltd., [(1967) 3 SLR 163], wherein it is stated, that, `needless to add that errors as to the interpretation of the Constitution is not out of the purview of Article 227, although the High Court could not, under the powers conferred by this Article, withdraw a case to itself from a Tribunal and dispose of the same, or determine merely the question of law as to the interpretation of Constitution arising before the Tribunal. It is further submitted that the High Court has no inherent power to transfer a case to itself outside the provisions contained in Article 228 of the Constitution of India and since the instant case is not covered by Article 226 of the Constitution of India, the High Court committed a grave error in directing the transfer of the case pending before the State Administrative Tribunal to itself. It is further submitted that the order and direction issued by the High Court is contrary to the direction and observation made by this Court in the case of L. Chandrakumar v. Union of India and Others.
8. The learned Counsel for the contesting respondent submitted that the petition that was filed before the High Court was both under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution and therefore, the High Court in exercise of its supervisory jurisdiction was justified in directing the Tribunal to transmit all the records pertaining to the case of the respondent, since there was inordinate delay by the Tribunal in deciding an application which did not involve either complicated questions of fact or the law.
9. The relevant Articles of the Constitution of India may be extracted:
Article 227 : Power of superintendence over all Courts by the High Court:
(1) Every High Court shall have superintendence over all Courts and Tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction.
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provisions, the High Court may –
(a) call for returns from such Courts;
(b) make and issue general rules and prescribe forms for regulating the practice and proceedings of such Courts; and
(c) prescribe forms in which books, entries and accounts shall be kept by the officers of any such Courts.
(3) The High Court may also settle tables of fees to be allowed to the sheriff and all clerks and officers of such Courts and to attorneys, advocates and pleaders practicing therein:
PROVIDED that any rules made, forms prescribed or tables settled under clause (2) or clause (3) shall not be inconsistent with the provision of any law for the time being in force, and shall require the previous approval of the Governor.
(4) Nothing in this article shall be deemed to confer on a High Court powers of superintendence over any Court or Tribunal constituted by or under any law relating to the Armed Forces.
Article 228: Transfer of certain cases to High Court: If the High Court is satisfied that a case pending in a Court subordinate to it involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution the determination of which is necessary for the disposal of the case, it shall withdraw the case and may –
a. either dispose of the case itself, or
b. determine the said question of law and return the case to the Court from which the case has been so withdrawn together with a copy of its judgment on such question, and the said Court shall on receipt thereof proceed to dispose of the case in conformity with such judgment.
10. Under Article 227, the High Court has been given power of superintendence both in judicial as well as administrative matters over all Courts and Tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction. It is in order to indicate the plenitude of the power conferred upon the High Court with respect to Courts and the Tribunals of every kind that the Constitution conferred the power of superintendence on the High Court. The power of superintendence conferred upon the High Court is not as extensive as the power conferred upon it by Article 226 of the Constitution. Thus, ordinarily it will be open to the High Court, in exercise of the power of superintendence only to consider whether there is an error of jurisdiction in the decision of the Court or the Tribunal subject to its superintendence.
11. In the case of Gujarat v. Vakhatsinghji Vajesinghji Vaghela, [AIR 1968 SC 1481], this Court held, that Article 227 of the Constitution of India gives the High Court the power of superintendence over all Courts and Tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction. It is held that this jurisdiction cannot be limited or fettered by any act of the State Legislature. It is held that the supervisory jurisdiction extends to keeping the subordinate Tribunals within the limits of the authority and to seeking that they obey the law.
12. In Bathutmal Raichand Oswal v. Laxmibai R. Tarta, [(1975) 1 SCC 858], this Court again reaffirmed that the power of superintendence of the High Court under Article 227 being extraordinary was to be exercised most sparingly and only in appropriate cases. High Courts function is limited to see that the subordinate court or Tribunal functioned within the limits of its authority. The Court further said that the jurisdiction under Article 227 could not be exercised `as the cloak of an appeal in disguise.
13. This Court in the case of State through Special Cell, New Delhi v. Navjot Sandhu, [JT 2003 (4) SC 605], held that Article 227 of the Constitution of India gives the High Court the power of superintendence over all Courts and Tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercise jurisdiction. The powers under Article 227 are wide and can be used, to meet the ends of justice. However, the power under Article 227 is a discretionary power and it is difficult to attribute to an order of the High Court, such a source of power, when the High Court itself does not in terms purport to exercise any such discretionary power.
14. Article 228 of the Constitution covers a different field from that covered by Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution. It lays down the procedure regarding transfer of a case pending in Courts subordinate to the High Court. This power is not to be founded both under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution. The conditions that require to be fulfilled before Article 228 of the Constitution can be applied are, that a case must be pending in the Court subordinate to the High Court, the case must involve a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution or the Government of India Act, 1935 and the determination of the question of law must be necessary for disposal of the case. Once these three conditions are fulfilled, the Article requires that the High Court will withdraw the case and then may either dispose of the case itself or determine the question of law and return the case to the Court from which the case has been withdrawn.
15. Reference may also made to the decision of this Court in the case of Umaji Keshao Rao Mesharam v. Radhikabai, [1986 Supp. SCC 401], wherein, it was held that Article 228 confers upon the High Court the power to transfer a case pending in a Court subordinate to it for disposal by itself if it involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution.
16. In Rao Shiva Bahadur Singh v. State of Vindya Pradesh, [(1956) 2 SCR 206], it is stated by this Court that the High Court if satisfied that a case pending in a Court subordinate to it involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution, the determination which is necessary for the disposal of the case, may withdraw the case either to dispose of the case itself or determine the said question of law and return the case to the Court from which it has been so withdrawn so as to enable the said Court to proceed to dispose of the case in conformity with the judgment of the High Court.
17. Therefore, the High Court in exercise of power under Article 228 of the Constitution can withdraw a case from subordinate Court and decide the whole case by itself or decide the question of law and return the case to the Court from which it is withdrawn. But the primary ingredient for exercise of the power under this Article is that the case should contain a substantial question of law, which requires an interpretation of the Constitution.
18. But, at this stage, we are not concerned in this appeal with Article 228 of the Constitution but only with Article 227 of the Constitution and more specifically with the correctness of the order passed by the Division Bench of the High Court, wherein the High Court has withdrawn the application pending before the Administrative Tribunal for its consideration and decision.
19. With regard to the power of the High Court in withdrawing a case from the Tribunal for deciding it by itself by exercising its power under Article 227, this Court in the case of Thakur Jugal Kishore Sinha v. Sitamarhi Central Coop. Bank Ltd., [(1967) 3 SCR 163], held that Article 227 is of wider ambit; it does not limit the jurisdiction of the High Court to the hierarchy of Courts functioning directly under it under the Civil Procedure Code and Criminal Procedure Code but it gives the High Court power to correct errors of various kinds of all Courts and Tribunals in appropriate cases. Needless to add that errors as to the interpretation of the Constitution is not out of the purview of Article 227 although the High Court could not, under the powers conferred by this Article, withdraw a case to itself from a Tribunal and dispose of the same, or determine merely the question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution arising before the Tribunal.
20. It was held in the case of Nagendra Nath Bora v. Commissioner of Hills Division and Appeals, [AIR 1958 SC 398], that under Article 226, the power of interference may extend to quashing an impugned order on the ground of a mistake apparent on the face of the record. But under Article 227 of the Constitution, the power of interference is limited to seeing that the Tribunal functions within the limits of its authority.
21. In the light of the above discussions, in our view, it would have been proper if the High Court in exercising its jurisdiction under Article 227 had directed the Tribunal to dispose of the matter expeditiously, instead of transferring the matter to itself.
22. In the result, the appeal is allowed. The impugned order is set aside. The High Court is requested to return all the documents pertaining to O.A.No. 912 of 2003 to the Administrative Tribunal forthwith. The Tribunal is directed to consider the matter promptly and dispose of the same within six months from the date of the pronouncement of this judgment. No order as to costs.
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