Suraj Pal Vs. State of Haryana
EmailAppeal: Criminal Appeal No. 396 of 1983
Petitioner: Suraj Pal
Respondent: State of Haryana
Apeal: Criminal Appeal No. 396 of 1983
Judges: G.N. RAY & FAIZAN UDDIN, JJ.
Date of Judgment: Sep 11, 1994
Head Note:
CRIMINAL LAW
Indian Penal Code, 1860:
Section 395/396 read with section 397 – Section 412 – Dacoity with murder – Plea of accused having been shown to witnesses before identification parade rejected – Not difficult for eye witnesses to identify the appellants in electric light which was sufficient – Conclusions arrived at by High Court on appreciation of evidence endorsed conviction of appellants upheld.
CRIMINAL LAW
Identification parade
This age old method of identifying an unknown person charged of an offence is a well founded method of criminal jurisprudence – Appellants declined to stand the test of identification without reasonable cause and at their own risk.
Held:
It is thus clear that there was sufficient electric light in order to enable the witnesses to have a full view of the miscreants including the three appellants. (Para 12)
Gian Chand, PW 22 had seen the miscreant in electric light when three of them were assaulting his father. Thereafter he himself assaulted by other three miscreants. The number of injuries on his person go to show that he was thrashed and battered for quite some time and he had sufficient time and opportunity to look at the dacoits. It was, therefore, not difficult for him to identify the appellants with the lasting impression that was left on his mind. (Para 16)
We are unable to accept these submissions. In our opinion when the witness had sensed that the dacoits had raided and ransacked the house and her mother was shot dead it was quite natural for the witness to look around and see what was happening there in order to take steps to escape and save her own life. (Para 17)
The High Court has discussed the evidence relating to disclosure statements and the seizures of these articles from these two appellants at length in para 16 of the judgment and accepting the same recorded the finding that the prosecution has proved the recovery of these articles from the appellants immediately after the commission of the crime which have been proved to be the articles belonging to the family of deceased Puran Chand. We have also scrutinised the evidence and find ourselves in agreement with the conclusions recorded by the High Court. (Para 19)
That being so, in the very nature of things, the identification parade in such cases serves the dual purpose. It enables the investigating agency to ascertain the correctness or otherwise of the claim of those witnesses who claimed to have seen the offender of the crime as well as their capacity to identify him and on the other hand it saves the suspect from the sudden risk of being identified in the dock by such witnesses during the course of the trial. This practice of test identification as a mode of identifying an unknown person charged of an offence is an age old method and it has worked well for the past several decades as a satisfactory mode and a well founded method of criminal jurisprudence. It may also be noted that the substantive evidence of identifying witness is his evidence made in the Court but in cases where the accused person is not known to the witnesses from before who claimed to have seen the incident, in that event identification of the accused at the earliest possible opportunity after the occurrence by such witnesses is of vital importance with a view to avoid the chance of his memory fading away by the time he is examined in the Court after some lapse of time. (Para 14)
It is thus clear from this evidence that though the prosecution was anxiously taking steps to hold the test identification parade but the appellants themselves declined to submit themselves for test parade. It is true that they could not have been compelled to line up for test parade but they did so on their own risk for which the prosecution could not be blamed for not holding the test parade. The reason given out by the appellants for declining to stand the test of identification was that they were shown by the police to the witnesses but this allegation has been found to be baseless and unfounded by both the Courts below. We have perused the evidence in this behalf and find that there is absolutely no basis to say that the appellants or any of them were shown to the witnesses. If the appellants in exercis of their own volition had chosen not to stand the test of identification without any reasonable cause, they did so on their own risk for which they cannot be heard to say that in the absence of test parade, dock identification was not proper and should not be accepted, if it was otherwise found to be reliable. (Para 15)
JUDGEMENT:
FAIZAN UDDIN, J.:
1. Since the two appeals as well as the Special Leave Petition arise out of the common judgment they are being disposed of together. The three appellants, namely, Suraj Pal, Nathi and Puran alongwith the co-accused Radha Raman, Krishanbir and Pyare were charged and tried under Section 395/396/397 and 412 of the Indian Penal Code by the Additional Session Judge, Gurgaon in Sessions Case No. 1 of 1979 (Sessions trial No. 7/1981). The learned Additional Session Judge convicted the three appellants herein as well as the co-accused Radha Raman and Krishanbir under Section 395/396 read with Section 397 of the IPC and sentenced them to undergo life imprisonment under Section 396/397 and rigorous imprisonment for 10 years under Section 395/397 of the Penal Code. They were further convicted under Section 412 of the Penal Code and each one of them was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for two years. The co-accused Pyare was acquitted for the offences under Section 395/396/397 of the Penal Code but he was convicted under Section 412 and as he was found tuberculosis patient he was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for one year only. The three appellants herein as well as Radha Raman and Krishanbir preferred an appeal which was dismissed by the High Court of Punjab & Haryana, by judgment dated 5.5.1982 being Criminal Appeal No. 470- DB/81 against which these three appeals have been preferred by the appellants Suraj Pal, Nathi and Puran.
2. According to the prosecution nine persons including the three appellants herein committed dacoity in the house of one Puran Chand in the intervening night of 5th/6th January, 1976 at about 2.00 AM in Village Kherla, Tehsil Nuh, District Gurgaon in which Puran Chand and his wife Ganga Devi were murdered and their son Gian Chand, PW 22 was seriously injured.
3. The prosecution case was that in the night of occurrence the deceased Puran Chand alongwith his injured son Gian Chand, PW 22 were sleeping in the Baithak (room) on the ground floor of their house while deceased Ganga Devi, wife of Puran Chand and her daughter Usha Rani, PW 21 were sleeping in a room on the upper storey of the said house which is on the outer side and towards main gate of the compound of the house. Another daughter Gita and wife of Gian Chand were also sleeping in another room in the upper storey. When the three appellants alongwith six other co-accused raided the house of Puran Chand in order to commit dacoity they pushed the door of the room in which Puran Chand and his son Gian Chand were sleeping. Puran Chand opened the door of his room and went out into the courtyard when three of the dacoits opened an assault on Puran Chand with lathies and pharsas and when his son Gian Chand, PW 22 came out to rescue his father he too was also assaulted by the other three dacoits. In the mean-while Usha Rani, PW 21 and her mother deceased Ganga Devi also woke up and switched on the light of the room and tried to open the door of the room in which they were sleeping but found it to be bolted from outside. Ganga Devi then opened the door of the window which opens in the compound of the house and as soon as she opened the door of the window, one of the dacoits who was standing at the main gate on the ground floor fired the gun at here which hit Ganga Devi on her fore-head and she fell dead on the spot. Puran Chand and Gian Chand both raised an alarm which was heard by Tulsi, PW 8 and Sulekhan, PW 23. They rushed towards the house of the victims but on hearing the gun shots Tulsi, PW 8 took shelter against the wall of a house and saw the nine dacoits coming out from the Gali towards the house of Puran, one of whom was carrying a gun and bandolior around his waist. Sulekhan, PW 23, however, reached in front of the house of deceased Puran when gun shot was fired which hit him in his left thigh and, therefore, he returned back. Sulekhan again went to the house of Puran and found Puran lying dead on the ground and Gian Chand in serious condition. He went to the upper storey and found Ganga Devi lying dead in the room in upper storey of the house. Sulekhan went to the Police Station, Nuh same night where he lodged the First Information Report, Ext. PHH about the incident at 3.15 AM on 6.1.1976 on the basis of which an offence under Section 395/396/397/460 of the Penal Code was registered.
4. After recording the First Information Report ASI Gurdial Singh, PW 30 proceeded to the place of occurrence and immediately sent injured Gian Chand, PW 22 to the Primary Health Centre, Nuh for medical examination. He also sent Sulekhan and one Hamida for medical examination to the Health Centre. The Investigating Officer then prepared the inquest report Ext. PG/3 and PF/3 of deceased Puran Chand and Ganga Devi respectively. He seized the blood from the place of occurrence as well as four empty cartridges.
5. Dr. M.L. Lohraiya, PW 3 performed an autopsy on the dead body of Ganga Devi on 6.1.1976 and found three multiple pellet marks over her fore-head and face and pellets were also found embedded in the wound. The injuries were ante-mortem in nature. There was laceration of the brain and haemorrhage in sub-frontal area of the brain lobe. In the opinion of the doctor the death was due to the injury to the brain on account of the penetration of the pellets in the same. Dr. Lohraiya, PW 3 also performed an autopsy on the dead body of Puran Chand and found several incised wounds on his person besides contusion and a punctured wound. All the injuries were ante-mortem in nature and the death in the opinion of the doctor was due to shock and haemorrhage.
6. Dr. Ashok Kumar Jain, PW 4 examined the injured Gian Chand, PW 22 on 6.1.1976 at 8.00 AM and found the following injuries on his person:
1. A contused wound over the right side of the head.
2. Another contused wound on the left side of the head.
3. A contused wound on left side of the face.
4. A contused mark around the eye with swelling.
5. A contused mark over the back of left shoulder.
6. A contused mark over the posterior medial aspect of right forearm with a contused wound up to the bone and the bone underneath seemed to be fractured.
7. A contused mark over back of the right hand.
8. A contused wound over the first inter phalangeal joint of middle finger of right hand.
9. An abrasion over the ring finger of the right hand. 10. A contused wound muscle deep over the posterior part of the left elbow joint. 11. A contused mark over the back of left fore-arm.
12. A contused wound skin deep in between the ring and little finger of the left hand.
13. An abrasion over the front of right knee joint. 7.
7. In fact the appellant Suraj Pal was arrested in another case in FIR No. 8 dated 4.1.1976 under Section 460 and 302 of the IPC by the Police, Hasanpur and then it was revealed that the dacoity in question was committed by him and his other associates.
8. After his arrest on 5.3.1976 the appellant Suraj Pal was interrogated by the Sub-Inspector Sis Ram, PW 38 in the presence of the witness Suleman, PW 29 who made a disclosure statement Ext. PHHH. In pursuance of the disclosure statement the appellant Suraj Pal got discovered an iron Kus which was seized as per Ext. P 54 and quilt covers which were seized as per Ext. P 14 and Ext. P 15. After the arrest of the appellant Nathi, on interrogation by Sub-Inspector Khan, PW 36 on 3.6.1976 he made a disclosure statement Ext. PBB in the presence of witnesses Gian Chand, PW 22 and Suleman, PW 29 to the fact that he had pawned for Rs. 200/- a saree, two katories, two tumblers and one pant with one Hira Lal, PW 30. The said articles were seized as per seizure memo Ext. P 16, Ext. P 17, Ext. P 18, Ext. P 19, Ext. P- 20 and Ext. P 21 respectively on being produced by Hira Lal alongwith the pledge deed which contained the description of all these articles. The appellant Puran was also interrogated on 3.6.1976 by Sub-Inspector Khan Chand, PW 36 who also made a disclosure statement Ext. PCCC in the presence of the witness Suleman, PW 29 to the fact that he had pledged a ring with one Nanu Ram, PW 28 for a sum of Rs. 200/- and in pursuance of the said disclosure statement, the pledge deed and the ring were seized from the possession of Nanu Ram, PW 28 as per seizure memo Ext. PFFF and Ext. P 26 respectively. Some articles were also seized on the basis of disclosure statement of other accused persons which are not before us in these appeals and, therefore, it is not necessary to make a description of the same.
9. After the arrest of the appellants and other accused persons the prosecution wanted to hold an identification parade in order to afford an opportunity to the appellants and other accused persons to take part in the test parade in which the witnesses Usha Rani, PW 21, Gian Chand, PW 22 and Tulsi Ram, PW 8 had to identify them but the appellants and other accused persons declined to offer themselves for test identification on the ground that they were shown to the witnesses. The appellants made a statement before the Executive Magistrate, Shri M.S. Rao, PW 1 and Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Shri I.D. Kaushik, PW 11 that since they were shown to the witnesses they are not prepared to participate in the identification parade. Consequently the parade could not be held.
10. Thereafter the appellants and other accused were put on trial. The appellants pleaded not guilty and claimed to be tried. They took the plea that they were falsely implicated on account of enemity and party factim their respective villages. The appellant Suraj Pal filed several documents which were marked as Exts. DA to DC which are copies of the applications made to the Judicial Magistrate, Palwal making allegation that he had been shown to the witnesses. There is also an application addressed to the Inspector General of Police, Haryana stating that he was brought from Mathura to Palwal and was torchered. There is also an application addressed to the Judicial Magistrate, Palwal complaining that third degree methods were used against him with a view to extract confession. The appellant Nathi had examined Harish Singh, DW 1, Sarpanch of the village, MLA Chandan Singh, DW 2 and Anand Singh, DW 3, the Civil Nazir of the Court of Sub-Judge, Gurgaon. The first two witnesses were examined on the point that the appellant Nathi was a man of means owning agricultural land and they never heard any complaint against him. The third witness Anand Singh, DW 3 produced the record of disbursement of diet money to show that Suraj Mal, PW 27, Suleman, PW 29 and Hira Lal, PW 30 were stock witnesses of the Police.
11. On analysing the evidence of the witnesses examined by the prosecution the trial Court convicted and sentenced the appellants and others as said above in the earlier part of this judgment. On further appeal by the appellants and other convicted accused the High Court agreed with the appreciation of evidence made by the learned trial Judge and accepting the finding recorded by the trial Court maintained the conviction and sentence awarded to the appellants herein against which these three appeals have been directed.
12. The learned counsel appearing for the appellants urged that the incident had occurred in the mid night and there was no light at or around the place of occurrence in order to enable Usha Rani, PW 21, Gian Chand, PW 22 and others to see the miscreants who had actually committed the dacoity and, therefore, the trial Court as well as the High Court have committed a serious error in accepting the prosecution evidence that these appellants were amongst the miscreants who were identified as such. After a close scrutiny and on analysing the evidence the two courts below have also considered this contention and rejected the same by holding that there was sufficient electric light in the house of deceased Puran as well as on the street which enabled the witnesses to see and identify the miscreants including the appellants. This finding is borne out from the evidence of Usha Rani, PW 21 and her brother Gian Chand, PW 22 who were the inmates of the house and Gian Chand was severely thrashed by the dacoits. A perusal of the evidence of Usha Rani, PW 21 goes to show that on hearing the alarm of the incident she and her mother deceased Ganga Devi both woke up and her mother switched on the light of the room in which they were sleeping and opened the window of the room over looking the compound and the street outside. Gian Chand, PW 22 deposed that at the time of occurrence the electric light of the courtyard as well as that of the varandah of the house and the street light were on. He also deposed that the light of one of the rooms in the upper storey was also on. Not only this but Tulsi Ram, PW 8 who resided near the house of Puran had rushed towards the house of Puran on hearing the Raula but kept away and witnessed the incident by hiding himself against a wall near the house due to fear to his life and limb as gun shots were being fired has also testified the presence of enough light. He deposed that at the time of occurrence electric light on the street was on and he saw the nine miscreants coming from the street leading to the house of deceased Puran Chand and one of the miscreant was carrying gun and bandolior. It is thus clear that there was sufficient electric light in order to enable the witnesses to have a full view of the miscreants including the three appellants.
13. Learned counsel for the appellants next submitted that the prosecution had not pressed the evidence regarding the identification of articles said to have been seized from the appellants as the Sarpanch Bhobal who held the test identification was not examined as a witness by the prosecution and the evidence of Sulekhan, PW 23 with regard to some of the articles was found to be unacceptable and, therefore, the conviction of the appellants rests entirely on the dock identification of the appellants by the prosecution witnesses. Learned counsel made a vociferous attack on the findings recorded by the two courts below by contending that Usha Rani, PW 21 and Gian Chand, PW 22 under the facts and circumstances of the case were not in a position to see and identify the miscreants including the appellants who are said to have committed the dacoity coupled with two murders. It was urged that Usha Rani, PW 21 was in the upper storey and according to the prosecution evidence after her mother was shot dead and when she tried to peep outside from the window she was warned by the miscreants or she should keep herself inside otherwise she will also meet the same fate and, therefore, she could not have dared to look outside and see the miscreants or the appellants or any of them. Regarding Gian Chand, PW 22 the learned counsel submitted that he had sustained so many injuries on his person that he fell unconscious and, therefore, it was not possible for him also to see the dacoits in order to enable him to identify them later during the investigation or in the Court while the appellants were in the dock. It was further contended that the incident had occurred in January, 1976 and evidence of these witnesses came to be recorded after five years and, therefore, in the absence of test identification parade it was not possible for these two witnesses to have remembered the description and features of the appellants so as to enable them to identify in the dock. after such a long lapse of time. It was further submitted that the appellants were within their right in declining to submit themselves for test identification parade and legally they could not be compelled to submit themselves for the test parade. It was, therefore, submitted that the two courts below were not justified in accepting their evidence on the basis of dock identification.
14. Before dealing with the various contentions advanced by the learned counsel for the appellants as referred to above, we shall first state the object, purpose and importance of the test identification parade. It may be pointed out that the holding of identification parades has been in vogue since long in the past with a view to determine whether an unknown person accused of an offence is really the culprit or not to be identified as such by those who claimed to be the eye-witnesses of the occurrence and that they would be able to identify the culprit if produced before them by recalling the impressions of their features left on their mind. That being so, in the very nature of things, the identification parade in such cases serves the dual purpose. It enables the investigating agency to ascertain the correctness or otherwise of the claim of those witnesses who claimed to have seen the offender of the crime as well as their capacity to identify him and on the other hand it saves the suspect from the sudden risk of being identified in the dock by such witnesses during the course of the trial. This practice of test identification as a mode of identifying an unknown person charged of an offence is an age old method and it has worked well for the past several decades as a satisfactory mode and a well founded method of criminal jurisprudence. It may also be noted that the substantive evidence of identifying witness is his evidence made in the Court but in cases where the accused person is not known to the witnesses from before who claimed to have seen the incident, in that event identification of the accused at the earliest possible opportunity after the occurrence by such witnesses is of vital importance with a view to avoid the chance of his memory fading away by the time he is examined in the Court after some lapse of time.
15. In the present case it may be noted that the appellant Suraj Pal was arrested on 5.3.76 and was admittedly brought from Mathura Jail to Palwal Sub-Jail by the police of Hassanpur as another case against him was registered in that Police Station. An application Ext. PA was moved by the Sub-Inspector Sis Ram, PW 38 to the Sub-Divisional Magistrate on 17.3.76 for his identification while the appellant Suraj Pal was already in judicial lock up. This application was marked to the Executive Magistrate on 17.3.76 itself and the Executive Magistrate fixed 23.3.76 as the date for identification of the appellant Suraj Pal. But when the Executive Magistrate Shri M.S.Rao, PW 1 went to the sub-jail, Palwal where the appellant Suraj Pal was lodged, the appellant Suraj Pal tendered him an application Ext. PA/3 declining to get himself identified on the ground that he had been shown to the witnesses. The appellants Nathi and Puran alongwith some other co-accused were also lodged in Palwal Sub-Jail by the Mathura Police. On 24.5.76 an application Ext. PC was made to the Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Palwal for holding the identification parade of the appellants Nathi, Puran and the co-accused Krishanbir. This application was also marked to the Executive Magistrate, Shri M.S. Rao, PW 1 who fixed the holding of identification parade at 5.00 PM same day in the Palwal Sub-Jail but Shri Rao for some reason could not hold the parade. Consequently the Sub-Divisional Magistate, Shri Kaushik, PW 11 himself went to the Palwal Sub-Jail next day but appellants Nathi and Puran and the co-accused Krishanbir declined to stand the test of identification. Their statement to that effect was recorded by Shri Kaushik, PW 11. It is thus clear from this evidence that though the prosecution was anxiously taking steps to hold the test identification parade but the appellants themselves declined to submit themselves for test parade. It is true that they could not have been compelled to line up for test parade but they did so on their own risk for which the prosecution could not be blamed for not holding the test parade. The reason given out by the appellants for declining to stand the test of identification was that they were shown by the police to the witnesses but this allegation has been found to be baseless and unfounded by both the Courts below. We have perused the evidence in this behalf and find that there is absolutely no basis to say that the appellants or any of them were shown to the witnesses. If the appellants in exercis of their own volition had chosen not to stand the test of identification without any reasonable cause, they did so on their own risk for which they cannot be heard to say that in the absence of test parade, dock identification was not proper and should not be accepted, if it was otherwise found to be reliable.
16. Now adverting to the evidence of the eye-witnesses it is clear from the statement of Usha Rani, PW 21 and her brother Gian Chand, PW 22 that there was sufficient light and they had enough opportunity to look at and see the accused persons in the night of occurrence and, therefore, there was no difficulty for them to identify the appellants in the dock during the course of their evidence. Gian Chand, PW 22 was sleeping in the Baithak in the ground floor of the house where his deceased father Puran was also sleeping. He deposed that they had retired to bed at about 9.30 PM after bolting the door of their room from inside. He also stated that the main gate of the house was also bolted. Deceased Ganga Devi, the mother of Gian Chand and his sister Usha, PW 21 had slept in a room on the upper storey and his wife Mithilesh Kumari alongwith his other sister were sleeping in another room on the upper storey when at about 2.00 AM in the night the miscreants pushed the door of the room in which Gian Chand and his father Puran were sleeping. Gian Chand deposed that his father Puran woke up, opened the door and as soon as he went out in the courtyard he was attacked by three miscreants who opened an assault on his father with lathies and pharsa and when Gian Chand, PW 22 himself came out to rescue his father, three other miscreants attacked him. He further deposed that one of the miscreants was standing at the main gate of the house having a gun with him who was of dark complexion, well built and wearing a red turban. He also stated that the electric light in the varandah and courtyard were on and so also the street light. Gian Chand also stated that after he was seriously injured he went back in the Baithak (room) and fell on a cot. He stated that the miscreants fired the gun-shots one of which had hit his mother. The dacoits broke open the locks and removed the articles from the house and after they left the house, the village folks came to their house. He also identified the appellants herein and others who were facing the trial to be the miscreants who had committed the murder of his parents and committed the dacoity in his house. He identified the articles seized from the appellants as belonging to his family. Gian Chand, PW 22 had seen the miscreant in electric light when three of them were assaulting his father. Thereafter he himself assaulted by other three miscreants. The number of injuries on his person go to show that he was thrashed and battered for quite some time and he had sufficient time and opportunity to look at the dacoits. It was, therefore, not difficult for him to identify the appellants with the lasting impression that was left on his mind.
17. The second eye-witness of the occurrence is Usha Rani, PW 21. She deposed that she alongwith her mother was sleeping in the upper storey of the house when at about 2.00 AM of the night of occurrence they woke up on hearing the noise (Raula) created by the dacoits. She stated that her mother deceased Ganga Devi put on the light of the room and tried to open the door but it was found to be bolted from outside. Ganga Devi then opened the door of the window which opened in the compound of the house. She deposed that the dacoit standing at the main gate of the compound on the ground floor fired his gun which hit on the forehead of her mother as a result of which she died on the spot. Usha Rani further deposed that thereafter when she peeped through the window the same person carrying the gun and standing near the main gate of the compound commanded her to go back and sit quietly otherwise she would also meet the same fate. This part of the evidence of Usha Rani was attacked by the learned counsel for the appellant by contending that after her mother was shot dead it was unprobable that Usha Rani would have dared to peep outside endangering her own life and this part of the evidence has been introduced by the prosecution in order to show that the witness had seen the miscreants so that she may identify the miscreants at a later stage. We are unable to accept these submissions. In our opinion when the witness had sensed that the dacoits had raided and ransacked the house and her mother was shot dead it was quite natural for the witness to look around and see what was happening there in order to take steps to escape and save her own life.
18. The criticism of the learned counsel for the appellants that no description of features and particulars of the dacoits was given in the FIR which goes to show that there was no light and the witnesses had not seen the dacoits and, therefore, it was not possible for them to identify. Hence the dock identification should be rejected on this account. We are unable to pursuade ourselves to accept this contention also for the reason that admittedly the FIR Ext. PHH was lodged by Sulekhan, PW 23 who had not seen the entire occurrence. According to the evidence of Sulekhan, PW 23, on hearing the Raula in the night of occurrence when he proceeded towards the house of Puran Chand someone fired a gun-shot which hit him on his thigh and, therefore, he hide himself and went to the house of Puran only after the miscreants gone away. In these circumstances Sulekhan, PW 23 who lodged the FIR could not have given the details and description of the features of the dacoits. As regards the presence of light at the time and place of occurrence we have already discussed and found that there was enough light there.
19. This brings us to the question of recovery of incriminating articles from the possession of the appellants. The appellant Suraj Pal, as said earlier, on his disclosure statement quilt covers Ext. P-14 and Ext. P-15 are said to have been seized at his instance. But the Trial Court as well as the High Court found that there is some discrepancy in the evidence with regard to the two articles and therefore, both the courts below did not feel it safe to rely on this part of the evidence with regard to these two items. But so far as the recovery of incriminating articles from the possession of the appellants Nathi and Puran is concerned, the same has been found to be reliable and satisfactory. The appellant Nathi had pawned the stolen articles with Hiralal, PW 30 which were seized from Hiralal at the instance of the appellant Nathi. Similarly the appellant Puran had pledged the stolen articles with one Nanu Ram, PW 28 which were seized from Nanu Ram at the instance of Puran alongwith the pledge deeds. The High Court has discussed the evidence relating to disclosure statements and the seizures of these articles from these two appellants at length in para 16 of the judgment and accepting the same recorded the finding that the prosecution has proved the recovery of these articles from the appellants immediately after the commission of the crime which have been proved to be the articles belonging to the family of deceased Puran Chand. We have also scrutinised the evidence and find ourselves in agreement with the conclusions recorded by the High Court.
20. In the light of the aforesaid discussion we find that there are no grounds to interfere with the conclusions recorded by the two Courts below with regard to the three appellants before us and, therefore, the two appeals and the Special Leave Petition deserve to be dismissed and the same are accordingly dismissed.
1. Since the two appeals as well as the Special Leave Petition arise out of the common judgment they are being disposed of together. The three appellants, namely, Suraj Pal, Nathi and Puran alongwith the co-accused Radha Raman, Krishanbir and Pyare were charged and tried under Section 395/396/397 and 412 of the Indian Penal Code by the Additional Session Judge, Gurgaon in Sessions Case No. 1 of 1979 (Sessions trial No. 7/1981). The learned Additional Session Judge convicted the three appellants herein as well as the co-accused Radha Raman and Krishanbir under Section 395/396 read with Section 397 of the IPC and sentenced them to undergo life imprisonment under Section 396/397 and rigorous imprisonment for 10 years under Section 395/397 of the Penal Code. They were further convicted under Section 412 of the Penal Code and each one of them was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for two years. The co-accused Pyare was acquitted for the offences under Section 395/396/397 of the Penal Code but he was convicted under Section 412 and as he was found tuberculosis patient he was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for one year only. The three appellants herein as well as Radha Raman and Krishanbir preferred an appeal which was dismissed by the High Court of Punjab & Haryana, by judgment dated 5.5.1982 being Criminal Appeal No. 470- DB/81 against which these three appeals have been preferred by the appellants Suraj Pal, Nathi and Puran.
2. According to the prosecution nine persons including the three appellants herein committed dacoity in the house of one Puran Chand in the intervening night of 5th/6th January, 1976 at about 2.00 AM in Village Kherla, Tehsil Nuh, District Gurgaon in which Puran Chand and his wife Ganga Devi were murdered and their son Gian Chand, PW 22 was seriously injured.
3. The prosecution case was that in the night of occurrence the deceased Puran Chand alongwith his injured son Gian Chand, PW 22 were sleeping in the Baithak (room) on the ground floor of their house while deceased Ganga Devi, wife of Puran Chand and her daughter Usha Rani, PW 21 were sleeping in a room on the upper storey of the said house which is on the outer side and towards main gate of the compound of the house. Another daughter Gita and wife of Gian Chand were also sleeping in another room in the upper storey. When the three appellants alongwith six other co-accused raided the house of Puran Chand in order to commit dacoity they pushed the door of the room in which Puran Chand and his son Gian Chand were sleeping. Puran Chand opened the door of his room and went out into the courtyard when three of the dacoits opened an assault on Puran Chand with lathies and pharsas and when his son Gian Chand, PW 22 came out to rescue his father he too was also assaulted by the other three dacoits. In the mean-while Usha Rani, PW 21 and her mother deceased Ganga Devi also woke up and switched on the light of the room and tried to open the door of the room in which they were sleeping but found it to be bolted from outside. Ganga Devi then opened the door of the window which opens in the compound of the house and as soon as she opened the door of the window, one of the dacoits who was standing at the main gate on the ground floor fired the gun at here which hit Ganga Devi on her fore-head and she fell dead on the spot. Puran Chand and Gian Chand both raised an alarm which was heard by Tulsi, PW 8 and Sulekhan, PW 23. They rushed towards the house of the victims but on hearing the gun shots Tulsi, PW 8 took shelter against the wall of a house and saw the nine dacoits coming out from the Gali towards the house of Puran, one of whom was carrying a gun and bandolior around his waist. Sulekhan, PW 23, however, reached in front of the house of deceased Puran when gun shot was fired which hit him in his left thigh and, therefore, he returned back. Sulekhan again went to the house of Puran and found Puran lying dead on the ground and Gian Chand in serious condition. He went to the upper storey and found Ganga Devi lying dead in the room in upper storey of the house. Sulekhan went to the Police Station, Nuh same night where he lodged the First Information Report, Ext. PHH about the incident at 3.15 AM on 6.1.1976 on the basis of which an offence under Section 395/396/397/460 of the Penal Code was registered.
4. After recording the First Information Report ASI Gurdial Singh, PW 30 proceeded to the place of occurrence and immediately sent injured Gian Chand, PW 22 to the Primary Health Centre, Nuh for medical examination. He also sent Sulekhan and one Hamida for medical examination to the Health Centre. The Investigating Officer then prepared the inquest report Ext. PG/3 and PF/3 of deceased Puran Chand and Ganga Devi respectively. He seized the blood from the place of occurrence as well as four empty cartridges.
5. Dr. M.L. Lohraiya, PW 3 performed an autopsy on the dead body of Ganga Devi on 6.1.1976 and found three multiple pellet marks over her fore-head and face and pellets were also found embedded in the wound. The injuries were ante-mortem in nature. There was laceration of the brain and haemorrhage in sub-frontal area of the brain lobe. In the opinion of the doctor the death was due to the injury to the brain on account of the penetration of the pellets in the same. Dr. Lohraiya, PW 3 also performed an autopsy on the dead body of Puran Chand and found several incised wounds on his person besides contusion and a punctured wound. All the injuries were ante-mortem in nature and the death in the opinion of the doctor was due to shock and haemorrhage.
6. Dr. Ashok Kumar Jain, PW 4 examined the injured Gian Chand, PW 22 on 6.1.1976 at 8.00 AM and found the following injuries on his person:
1. A contused wound over the right side of the head.
2. Another contused wound on the left side of the head.
3. A contused wound on left side of the face.
4. A contused mark around the eye with swelling.
5. A contused mark over the back of left shoulder.
6. A contused mark over the posterior medial aspect of right forearm with a contused wound up to the bone and the bone underneath seemed to be fractured.
7. A contused mark over back of the right hand.
8. A contused wound over the first inter phalangeal joint of middle finger of right hand.
9. An abrasion over the ring finger of the right hand. 10. A contused wound muscle deep over the posterior part of the left elbow joint. 11. A contused mark over the back of left fore-arm.
12. A contused wound skin deep in between the ring and little finger of the left hand.
13. An abrasion over the front of right knee joint. 7.
7. In fact the appellant Suraj Pal was arrested in another case in FIR No. 8 dated 4.1.1976 under Section 460 and 302 of the IPC by the Police, Hasanpur and then it was revealed that the dacoity in question was committed by him and his other associates.
8. After his arrest on 5.3.1976 the appellant Suraj Pal was interrogated by the Sub-Inspector Sis Ram, PW 38 in the presence of the witness Suleman, PW 29 who made a disclosure statement Ext. PHHH. In pursuance of the disclosure statement the appellant Suraj Pal got discovered an iron Kus which was seized as per Ext. P 54 and quilt covers which were seized as per Ext. P 14 and Ext. P 15. After the arrest of the appellant Nathi, on interrogation by Sub-Inspector Khan, PW 36 on 3.6.1976 he made a disclosure statement Ext. PBB in the presence of witnesses Gian Chand, PW 22 and Suleman, PW 29 to the fact that he had pawned for Rs. 200/- a saree, two katories, two tumblers and one pant with one Hira Lal, PW 30. The said articles were seized as per seizure memo Ext. P 16, Ext. P 17, Ext. P 18, Ext. P 19, Ext. P- 20 and Ext. P 21 respectively on being produced by Hira Lal alongwith the pledge deed which contained the description of all these articles. The appellant Puran was also interrogated on 3.6.1976 by Sub-Inspector Khan Chand, PW 36 who also made a disclosure statement Ext. PCCC in the presence of the witness Suleman, PW 29 to the fact that he had pledged a ring with one Nanu Ram, PW 28 for a sum of Rs. 200/- and in pursuance of the said disclosure statement, the pledge deed and the ring were seized from the possession of Nanu Ram, PW 28 as per seizure memo Ext. PFFF and Ext. P 26 respectively. Some articles were also seized on the basis of disclosure statement of other accused persons which are not before us in these appeals and, therefore, it is not necessary to make a description of the same.
9. After the arrest of the appellants and other accused persons the prosecution wanted to hold an identification parade in order to afford an opportunity to the appellants and other accused persons to take part in the test parade in which the witnesses Usha Rani, PW 21, Gian Chand, PW 22 and Tulsi Ram, PW 8 had to identify them but the appellants and other accused persons declined to offer themselves for test identification on the ground that they were shown to the witnesses. The appellants made a statement before the Executive Magistrate, Shri M.S. Rao, PW 1 and Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Shri I.D. Kaushik, PW 11 that since they were shown to the witnesses they are not prepared to participate in the identification parade. Consequently the parade could not be held.
10. Thereafter the appellants and other accused were put on trial. The appellants pleaded not guilty and claimed to be tried. They took the plea that they were falsely implicated on account of enemity and party factim their respective villages. The appellant Suraj Pal filed several documents which were marked as Exts. DA to DC which are copies of the applications made to the Judicial Magistrate, Palwal making allegation that he had been shown to the witnesses. There is also an application addressed to the Inspector General of Police, Haryana stating that he was brought from Mathura to Palwal and was torchered. There is also an application addressed to the Judicial Magistrate, Palwal complaining that third degree methods were used against him with a view to extract confession. The appellant Nathi had examined Harish Singh, DW 1, Sarpanch of the village, MLA Chandan Singh, DW 2 and Anand Singh, DW 3, the Civil Nazir of the Court of Sub-Judge, Gurgaon. The first two witnesses were examined on the point that the appellant Nathi was a man of means owning agricultural land and they never heard any complaint against him. The third witness Anand Singh, DW 3 produced the record of disbursement of diet money to show that Suraj Mal, PW 27, Suleman, PW 29 and Hira Lal, PW 30 were stock witnesses of the Police.
11. On analysing the evidence of the witnesses examined by the prosecution the trial Court convicted and sentenced the appellants and others as said above in the earlier part of this judgment. On further appeal by the appellants and other convicted accused the High Court agreed with the appreciation of evidence made by the learned trial Judge and accepting the finding recorded by the trial Court maintained the conviction and sentence awarded to the appellants herein against which these three appeals have been directed.
12. The learned counsel appearing for the appellants urged that the incident had occurred in the mid night and there was no light at or around the place of occurrence in order to enable Usha Rani, PW 21, Gian Chand, PW 22 and others to see the miscreants who had actually committed the dacoity and, therefore, the trial Court as well as the High Court have committed a serious error in accepting the prosecution evidence that these appellants were amongst the miscreants who were identified as such. After a close scrutiny and on analysing the evidence the two courts below have also considered this contention and rejected the same by holding that there was sufficient electric light in the house of deceased Puran as well as on the street which enabled the witnesses to see and identify the miscreants including the appellants. This finding is borne out from the evidence of Usha Rani, PW 21 and her brother Gian Chand, PW 22 who were the inmates of the house and Gian Chand was severely thrashed by the dacoits. A perusal of the evidence of Usha Rani, PW 21 goes to show that on hearing the alarm of the incident she and her mother deceased Ganga Devi both woke up and her mother switched on the light of the room in which they were sleeping and opened the window of the room over looking the compound and the street outside. Gian Chand, PW 22 deposed that at the time of occurrence the electric light of the courtyard as well as that of the varandah of the house and the street light were on. He also deposed that the light of one of the rooms in the upper storey was also on. Not only this but Tulsi Ram, PW 8 who resided near the house of Puran had rushed towards the house of Puran on hearing the Raula but kept away and witnessed the incident by hiding himself against a wall near the house due to fear to his life and limb as gun shots were being fired has also testified the presence of enough light. He deposed that at the time of occurrence electric light on the street was on and he saw the nine miscreants coming from the street leading to the house of deceased Puran Chand and one of the miscreant was carrying gun and bandolior. It is thus clear that there was sufficient electric light in order to enable the witnesses to have a full view of the miscreants including the three appellants.
13. Learned counsel for the appellants next submitted that the prosecution had not pressed the evidence regarding the identification of articles said to have been seized from the appellants as the Sarpanch Bhobal who held the test identification was not examined as a witness by the prosecution and the evidence of Sulekhan, PW 23 with regard to some of the articles was found to be unacceptable and, therefore, the conviction of the appellants rests entirely on the dock identification of the appellants by the prosecution witnesses. Learned counsel made a vociferous attack on the findings recorded by the two courts below by contending that Usha Rani, PW 21 and Gian Chand, PW 22 under the facts and circumstances of the case were not in a position to see and identify the miscreants including the appellants who are said to have committed the dacoity coupled with two murders. It was urged that Usha Rani, PW 21 was in the upper storey and according to the prosecution evidence after her mother was shot dead and when she tried to peep outside from the window she was warned by the miscreants or she should keep herself inside otherwise she will also meet the same fate and, therefore, she could not have dared to look outside and see the miscreants or the appellants or any of them. Regarding Gian Chand, PW 22 the learned counsel submitted that he had sustained so many injuries on his person that he fell unconscious and, therefore, it was not possible for him also to see the dacoits in order to enable him to identify them later during the investigation or in the Court while the appellants were in the dock. It was further contended that the incident had occurred in January, 1976 and evidence of these witnesses came to be recorded after five years and, therefore, in the absence of test identification parade it was not possible for these two witnesses to have remembered the description and features of the appellants so as to enable them to identify in the dock. after such a long lapse of time. It was further submitted that the appellants were within their right in declining to submit themselves for test identification parade and legally they could not be compelled to submit themselves for the test parade. It was, therefore, submitted that the two courts below were not justified in accepting their evidence on the basis of dock identification.
14. Before dealing with the various contentions advanced by the learned counsel for the appellants as referred to above, we shall first state the object, purpose and importance of the test identification parade. It may be pointed out that the holding of identification parades has been in vogue since long in the past with a view to determine whether an unknown person accused of an offence is really the culprit or not to be identified as such by those who claimed to be the eye-witnesses of the occurrence and that they would be able to identify the culprit if produced before them by recalling the impressions of their features left on their mind. That being so, in the very nature of things, the identification parade in such cases serves the dual purpose. It enables the investigating agency to ascertain the correctness or otherwise of the claim of those witnesses who claimed to have seen the offender of the crime as well as their capacity to identify him and on the other hand it saves the suspect from the sudden risk of being identified in the dock by such witnesses during the course of the trial. This practice of test identification as a mode of identifying an unknown person charged of an offence is an age old method and it has worked well for the past several decades as a satisfactory mode and a well founded method of criminal jurisprudence. It may also be noted that the substantive evidence of identifying witness is his evidence made in the Court but in cases where the accused person is not known to the witnesses from before who claimed to have seen the incident, in that event identification of the accused at the earliest possible opportunity after the occurrence by such witnesses is of vital importance with a view to avoid the chance of his memory fading away by the time he is examined in the Court after some lapse of time.
15. In the present case it may be noted that the appellant Suraj Pal was arrested on 5.3.76 and was admittedly brought from Mathura Jail to Palwal Sub-Jail by the police of Hassanpur as another case against him was registered in that Police Station. An application Ext. PA was moved by the Sub-Inspector Sis Ram, PW 38 to the Sub-Divisional Magistrate on 17.3.76 for his identification while the appellant Suraj Pal was already in judicial lock up. This application was marked to the Executive Magistrate on 17.3.76 itself and the Executive Magistrate fixed 23.3.76 as the date for identification of the appellant Suraj Pal. But when the Executive Magistrate Shri M.S.Rao, PW 1 went to the sub-jail, Palwal where the appellant Suraj Pal was lodged, the appellant Suraj Pal tendered him an application Ext. PA/3 declining to get himself identified on the ground that he had been shown to the witnesses. The appellants Nathi and Puran alongwith some other co-accused were also lodged in Palwal Sub-Jail by the Mathura Police. On 24.5.76 an application Ext. PC was made to the Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Palwal for holding the identification parade of the appellants Nathi, Puran and the co-accused Krishanbir. This application was also marked to the Executive Magistrate, Shri M.S. Rao, PW 1 who fixed the holding of identification parade at 5.00 PM same day in the Palwal Sub-Jail but Shri Rao for some reason could not hold the parade. Consequently the Sub-Divisional Magistate, Shri Kaushik, PW 11 himself went to the Palwal Sub-Jail next day but appellants Nathi and Puran and the co-accused Krishanbir declined to stand the test of identification. Their statement to that effect was recorded by Shri Kaushik, PW 11. It is thus clear from this evidence that though the prosecution was anxiously taking steps to hold the test identification parade but the appellants themselves declined to submit themselves for test parade. It is true that they could not have been compelled to line up for test parade but they did so on their own risk for which the prosecution could not be blamed for not holding the test parade. The reason given out by the appellants for declining to stand the test of identification was that they were shown by the police to the witnesses but this allegation has been found to be baseless and unfounded by both the Courts below. We have perused the evidence in this behalf and find that there is absolutely no basis to say that the appellants or any of them were shown to the witnesses. If the appellants in exercis of their own volition had chosen not to stand the test of identification without any reasonable cause, they did so on their own risk for which they cannot be heard to say that in the absence of test parade, dock identification was not proper and should not be accepted, if it was otherwise found to be reliable.
16. Now adverting to the evidence of the eye-witnesses it is clear from the statement of Usha Rani, PW 21 and her brother Gian Chand, PW 22 that there was sufficient light and they had enough opportunity to look at and see the accused persons in the night of occurrence and, therefore, there was no difficulty for them to identify the appellants in the dock during the course of their evidence. Gian Chand, PW 22 was sleeping in the Baithak in the ground floor of the house where his deceased father Puran was also sleeping. He deposed that they had retired to bed at about 9.30 PM after bolting the door of their room from inside. He also stated that the main gate of the house was also bolted. Deceased Ganga Devi, the mother of Gian Chand and his sister Usha, PW 21 had slept in a room on the upper storey and his wife Mithilesh Kumari alongwith his other sister were sleeping in another room on the upper storey when at about 2.00 AM in the night the miscreants pushed the door of the room in which Gian Chand and his father Puran were sleeping. Gian Chand deposed that his father Puran woke up, opened the door and as soon as he went out in the courtyard he was attacked by three miscreants who opened an assault on his father with lathies and pharsa and when Gian Chand, PW 22 himself came out to rescue his father, three other miscreants attacked him. He further deposed that one of the miscreants was standing at the main gate of the house having a gun with him who was of dark complexion, well built and wearing a red turban. He also stated that the electric light in the varandah and courtyard were on and so also the street light. Gian Chand also stated that after he was seriously injured he went back in the Baithak (room) and fell on a cot. He stated that the miscreants fired the gun-shots one of which had hit his mother. The dacoits broke open the locks and removed the articles from the house and after they left the house, the village folks came to their house. He also identified the appellants herein and others who were facing the trial to be the miscreants who had committed the murder of his parents and committed the dacoity in his house. He identified the articles seized from the appellants as belonging to his family. Gian Chand, PW 22 had seen the miscreant in electric light when three of them were assaulting his father. Thereafter he himself assaulted by other three miscreants. The number of injuries on his person go to show that he was thrashed and battered for quite some time and he had sufficient time and opportunity to look at the dacoits. It was, therefore, not difficult for him to identify the appellants with the lasting impression that was left on his mind.
17. The second eye-witness of the occurrence is Usha Rani, PW 21. She deposed that she alongwith her mother was sleeping in the upper storey of the house when at about 2.00 AM of the night of occurrence they woke up on hearing the noise (Raula) created by the dacoits. She stated that her mother deceased Ganga Devi put on the light of the room and tried to open the door but it was found to be bolted from outside. Ganga Devi then opened the door of the window which opened in the compound of the house. She deposed that the dacoit standing at the main gate of the compound on the ground floor fired his gun which hit on the forehead of her mother as a result of which she died on the spot. Usha Rani further deposed that thereafter when she peeped through the window the same person carrying the gun and standing near the main gate of the compound commanded her to go back and sit quietly otherwise she would also meet the same fate. This part of the evidence of Usha Rani was attacked by the learned counsel for the appellant by contending that after her mother was shot dead it was unprobable that Usha Rani would have dared to peep outside endangering her own life and this part of the evidence has been introduced by the prosecution in order to show that the witness had seen the miscreants so that she may identify the miscreants at a later stage. We are unable to accept these submissions. In our opinion when the witness had sensed that the dacoits had raided and ransacked the house and her mother was shot dead it was quite natural for the witness to look around and see what was happening there in order to take steps to escape and save her own life.
18. The criticism of the learned counsel for the appellants that no description of features and particulars of the dacoits was given in the FIR which goes to show that there was no light and the witnesses had not seen the dacoits and, therefore, it was not possible for them to identify. Hence the dock identification should be rejected on this account. We are unable to pursuade ourselves to accept this contention also for the reason that admittedly the FIR Ext. PHH was lodged by Sulekhan, PW 23 who had not seen the entire occurrence. According to the evidence of Sulekhan, PW 23, on hearing the Raula in the night of occurrence when he proceeded towards the house of Puran Chand someone fired a gun-shot which hit him on his thigh and, therefore, he hide himself and went to the house of Puran only after the miscreants gone away. In these circumstances Sulekhan, PW 23 who lodged the FIR could not have given the details and description of the features of the dacoits. As regards the presence of light at the time and place of occurrence we have already discussed and found that there was enough light there.
19. This brings us to the question of recovery of incriminating articles from the possession of the appellants. The appellant Suraj Pal, as said earlier, on his disclosure statement quilt covers Ext. P-14 and Ext. P-15 are said to have been seized at his instance. But the Trial Court as well as the High Court found that there is some discrepancy in the evidence with regard to the two articles and therefore, both the courts below did not feel it safe to rely on this part of the evidence with regard to these two items. But so far as the recovery of incriminating articles from the possession of the appellants Nathi and Puran is concerned, the same has been found to be reliable and satisfactory. The appellant Nathi had pawned the stolen articles with Hiralal, PW 30 which were seized from Hiralal at the instance of the appellant Nathi. Similarly the appellant Puran had pledged the stolen articles with one Nanu Ram, PW 28 which were seized from Nanu Ram at the instance of Puran alongwith the pledge deeds. The High Court has discussed the evidence relating to disclosure statements and the seizures of these articles from these two appellants at length in para 16 of the judgment and accepting the same recorded the finding that the prosecution has proved the recovery of these articles from the appellants immediately after the commission of the crime which have been proved to be the articles belonging to the family of deceased Puran Chand. We have also scrutinised the evidence and find ourselves in agreement with the conclusions recorded by the High Court.
20. In the light of the aforesaid discussion we find that there are no grounds to interfere with the conclusions recorded by the two Courts below with regard to the three appellants before us and, therefore, the two appeals and the Special Leave Petition deserve to be dismissed and the same are accordingly dismissed.
