Savithri and Ors Vs. Karthyayani Amma and Ors.
Email(Arising out of SLP (Civil) No. 3374 of 2005]
[From the Judgment and final Order dated 17.8.2004 of the High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam in A.S. No. 617 of 1992 (B)]
(Arising out of SLP (Civil) No. 3374 of 2005]
[From the Judgment and final Order dated 17.8.2004 of the High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam in A.S. No. 617 of 1992 (B)]
Mr. T.L. V. Iyer, Senior Advocate, Mr. S. Prasad, Mr. Jay Kishor Singh and Mr. Subramonium Prasad Advocate with him for the Respondent.
Succession – Family governed by Maruma-kkattayam Testamentary succession- Will – Deprivation of due share by the natural heirs-Whether it would lead to suspicious circumstances to invalidate the Will-Testator suffering from cancer living with the family of his sister and being looked after by her children-Son of testator neither seeing the testator nor meeting his medical expenses-Testator executing a Will in favour of the children of his sister-Only some portion of property bequeathed in favour of the son- Testator living for over seven years after execution of the Will but not changing his mind – Son chal-lenging the validity of the Will contending that it was executed in suspicious circum-stances – High Court reversing the decision of the trial court and upholding the validity of the Will. Dismissing further appeal held mere deprivation of due share by the natural heirs by itself is not a factor which could lead to the conclusion that there existed suspicious circumstances. Consid-ering the background facts there were no such suspicious circumstances. The Will being the product of the free will of the testator and testator havinzg executed it after knowing and understanding the cont-ents no exception could be taken.
We may, however, notice that according to the appellants themselves, the signature of the testator on the Will was obtained under undue influence or coercion. The onus to prove the same was on them. They have failed to do so If the propounder proves that the Will was signed by the testator and he at the relevant time was in sound disposing state of mind and understood the nature and effect of disposition, the onus stands discharged. For the aforementioned purpose the background fact of the attending circumstances may also be taken into consideration. [See B. Venkatamuni v. C.J. Ayodhya Ram Singh and Others [JT 2006 (9) SC 415] (Para 15)
Deprivation of a due share by the natural heirs itself is not a factor which would lead to the conclusion that there exist suspicious circumstances. For the said purpose, as noticed hereinbefore, the background facts should also be taken into consideration. The son was not meeting his father. He had not been attending to him. He was not even meeting the expenses for his treatment from 1959, when he lost his job till his death in 1978. The testator was living with his sister and her children. If in that situation, if he executed a Will in their favour, no exception thereto can be taken. Even then, something was left for the appellant. (Para 19)
There is no dispute in regard to the proposition that the conscience of the court must be satisfied. In the instant case, the High Court has considered the relevant factors. It has been found that the Will was the product of the free will. He had executed the Will after knowing and understanding the contents thereof. (Para 22)
For the reasons aforementioned, we do not find any legal infirmity in the judgment of the High Court. The appeal is dismissed. However, in the facts and circumstances of the case, there shall be no order as to costs. (Para 24)
2. B. Venkatamuni v. C.J. Ayodhya Ram Singh and Others [JT 2006 (9) SC 415] (Para 15)
3. Niranjan Umeshchandra Joshi v. Mrudula Jyoti Rao and Ors.[2006 (14) Scale 186] (Para 16)
4. Joseph Antony Lazarus (Dead) By L.Rs. v. A.J. Francis [JT 2006 (4) 321] (Para 23)
5. Ramabai Padmakar Patil (Dead) though L.Rs. and Others v. Rukminibai Vishnu Vekhande and Others[2003 (8) SCC 537] (Para 20)
6. S. Sundaresa Pai and Others v. Sumangala T. Pai (Mrs.) and Another [JT 2001 (10) SC 92]. (Para 20)
7. Gurdial Kaur and Others v. Kartar Kaur and Others [JT 1998 (3) SC 37] (Para 21)
8. H. Venkatachala Iyengar v. B.N. Thimmajamma and Others AIR 1959 SC 443]. (Para 8)
1. Leave granted.
2. The question involved in this appeal is the validity of a Will dated 07.08.1971 executed by one Sankaran Nair.
3. For the sake of convenience, the genea-logical table may be noticed at the outset:
Krishnan Nair Kochukutty
[brother] @ Kuttipenamma [sister]
[Died unmarried [Dead]
in 1971]
Sankaran Nair Nanikutty Amma [Died in 1978] [Dead]
Madhavan Nair D-1 D-2
D-3 to D-8
4. The properties in suit were purchased by Krishanan Nair and Kochukutty @ Kuttipennamma, mother of Respondent Nos. 1 and 2 and grandmother of Respondent Nos. 3 to 8 herein. Krishnan Nair was a bachelor. Kochukutty had two children, Sankaran Nair and Nanikutty Amma. They were governed by Marumakkattayam School of Law. Appellants herein are wife, son and daughters of Madhavan Nair son of Sankaran Nair (Plaintiff). Respondent Nos. 1 and 2 herein (Original Defendant Nos. 1 and 2) and Respondent Nos. 3 to 8 herein (Original Defendant Nos. 3 to 8) are children and grandchildren respectively of Nanikutty Amma (sister of Sankaran Nair). Sankaran Nair died in 1978. Indisputably, the relationship between Sankaran Nair and his wife was strained. They were living separately. Sankaran Nair had been living with his sister and her children. They were looking after him. He was suffering from cancer. Respondents herein were bearing all costs for his treatment.
Execution of the said will is not in dispute. What is contended is that the same was surrounded by suspicious circumstances which, according to the appellants, were :
1. Registrar was brought to the house of the propounder which proves that the testator was not in good health and mental condition at the time of execution of the Will.
2. DW-2, who was an attesting witness to the Will, in his deposition stated that he had not seen the execution of the Will. He had also no previous acquaintance with the parties.
3. Other witnesses to the execution of the Will were beneficiaries under the Will.
4. Even when execution and registration of the Will had taken place at the house, there was no reason as to why anybody from the locality had not attested the Will as a witness.
5. In the year 1986, Plaintiff having come to know that Respondent No. 3 was going to construct a house on the said land, filed a suit for partition as also for cancellation of the said Will. The said suit was decreed by the learned Subordinate Judge by a judgment and order dated 18.01.1992, holding, inter alia, :
‘…The plaintiff had stated that at the time of execution of the will the testator was not in a sound disposing state of mind and he did not sign the document after knowing the contents of the same. In such circumstances, the propounder has to prove that the testator signed the document in the presence of two attesting witnesses who signed it in the presence of each other. The important aspect is that Sankaran Nair was not having testamentary capacity at the time of execution of Ext. A1 is more or less admitted by the defendants. In chief examination of PW-4 he has stated that the Sankaran Nair was not able to execute Ext. A4 and he was not in such a mental condition to execute such a document. That statement in chief examination is not cross-examined…’
It was further observed :
‘….The definite case of the plaintiff is that all the documents were executed at the instance of Narayanan Nair. On cardinal scrutiny of the entire evidence as a whole it can be seen that Narayanan Nair is the actual person behind the execution of all the documents’
The learned Trial Judge also observed :
‘…It is also not proved whether the testator signed the document after knowing the contents of the documents. If the relationship of the testator with the son was so strange, there was no necessity for him to reserve Rs.500/- to his son in Ext.A4. If he reserves Rs. 500/- to his son in Ext. A4 that means he has an affection towards his son during his life time. Therefore, he might have intended to give the property to his son after his death. There was no necessity for him to bequeath his property to the defendants who are living along with him and taking the income from the property. That income is sufficient for his maintenance and there is no necessity for bequeathing the entire property to the defendants as Ext. A4…’
6. An appeal preferred thereagainst, however, has been allowed by reason of the impugned judgment dated 17.08.2004, holding :
‘…The plaintiff who could claim as legal heir of Sankaran Nair has no right to challenge the partition deed executed by Sankaran Nair and others except on establishment of the fact that Sankaran Nair was not in a position to understand the contents of the partition deed or that fraud was played on him while effecting partition which he did not find out during his life time…’
The High Court further observed :
‘…In the will it is stated that the property bequeathed under the will was obtained by his uncle and his mother and there was a partition between himself, uncle and others and the property allotted to him in the partition was being bequeathed under the will. In the will Sankaran Nair has also directed an amount of Rs. 500/- to be given to the plaintiff. Therefore, there is nothing unnatural in Sankaran Nair directing the property obtained by him to be enjoyed by his nephew and niece and their children as they were looking after him during the major portion of his life time. In such circumstances I do not think that it can be said that mere disinheritance of the legal heir by itself in the peculiar facts of this case will amount to a suspicious circumstance…’
7. Appellants are, thus, before us.
8. Mr. Nishe Rajen Shonker, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants, in support of the appeal, would submit that the High Court committed a serious error in passing the impugned judgment insofar as it failed to take into consideration the suspicious circumstances surrounding the Will which have been noticed by the learned Trial Judge.
It was contended that as the beneficiaries under the said Will took an active role in the matter of execution thereof, the same by itself would be sufficient to hold that the execution thereof had not been proved. Strong reliance, in this behalf, has been placed on H. Venkatachala Iyengar v. B.N. Thimmaja-mma and Others1.
9. Mr. T.L.V. Iyer, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the respondents, on the other hand, would submit that the findings of the learned Trial Judge are perverse being beyond the pleadings in the suit.
The learned counsel would contend that the learned Trial Judge failed to notice that although two Wills had been executed one by Krishnan Nair on 06.08.1971 and another by Sankaran Nair on 07.08.1971, only the latter one was in question. The learned Counsel urged that although the partition had taken place on 27.07.1971, as the testators intended to keep life interest for themselves, the said Wills were executed soon after the partition.
10. We may notice certain peculiar features of this case. The value of the joint family properties was assessed at Rs. 4,000/-. The share of Sankaran Nair being 1/4th therein, the value of the properties allotted in his favour was only Rs. 1,000/-. Out of the said properties, in terms of the said Will, a sum of Rs.500/- was to be paid to the plaintiff.
In the said Will it was stated :
‘My day-to-day affairs well as treatment are being looked after and is rendered in a sincere manner and according to my wishes by Sankunny Menon and Karthiyani Amma who are (the children of my late sister Nani Kutty Amma) and her children.
And I do believe that they will continue to behave in the same was (sic) future also. And I, hereby declare that after my death, all the assets in my name as well as the property in the B Schedule which has devolved upon me by the above mentioned deed, shall vest in and be taken possession of and enjoyed by my late sister Nanikutty Ammas children, Sankunni Menon and Karthyayani and her children and nobody else will have any right whatsoever over my assets or property. Within an year of my death, a sum of rupees five hundred shall be given to my son Madhavan and a receipt for the same shall be obtained by Karthyayani Amma. If the above mentioned sum is not given to Madhavan within 1 year and for that a receipt is not obtained, he is entitled to get an interest of % per hundred rupees, until he receives the money. If the amount is not accepted even after knowing about the above amount he shall not have any right to claim any interest as stated above. Item No. 2 of the schedule which I have received as may lawful share, is hereby charged for the realization of the above said amount. If my uncle, Krishnan Nair, expires after my death, then for his funeral and other related rituals an amount which may extend upto Rs. 250/-, shall be borne by Karthyayani Amma, This Will shall come into force only in the event of and on my death. I hereby retain and have all rights and authority to cancel this will or redraft the same or dispose of my properties as per my wish. I also hereby state that, in the event of any such act, the same shall be done only through a document made to that end. After deciding and agreeing as above the witnesses signs below. I have signed in this will only in Pullapra Village and is being numbered after producing it in the Trichur Registrar Office.’
11. We would proceed on the basis that at the time of execution of the said Will, the testator was unwell. The test, however, is as to whether he possessed mental capacity to understand the contents of the Will and whether the same was free and/or voluntary.
12. Submission of the learned counsel that if both Krishnan Nair and Sankaran Nair were to bequeath their entire right, title and interest in the properties in favour of the respondents herein, by way of family arrangement or otherwise, no deed of partition was required to be executed, cannot be accepted as thereby they would have lost their interest in the property during their life time. They evidently intended to have life interest in the property, bequeathing the same in favour of the respondents. It must also be borne in mind that the parties are governed by Marumakkattayam School of Hindu Law. The sisters in the family have a role to play. The fact that the testator was totally dependent on his nephew and nieces is beyond any dispute. He lost his employment in the year 1959. Apart from the properties which were subject-matter of the Will, he had no other independent source of income. Being totally dependent on the respondents having been suffering from cancer, he was bound to place implicit faith and confidence only upon those who had been looking after him. The Will was admittedly registered. The testator lived for seven years after execution of the Will. He could change his mind; he did not. The very fact that he did not take any step for cancellation of the Will is itself a factor which the Court may take into consideration for the purpose of upholding the same. The question as to whether the Register was brought to the house of the propounder or he had gone to the Registrars office is not a matter which requires serious consideration. But we may notice that the witness examined on behalf of the respondents, Raveendran (DW-2), categorically stated that he had gone to the Registrars office to get the same registered. Execution of the will might have taken place at the house of Krishnan Nair, but according to DW-2 he came to his office even after registration. Even the other Will was also scribed by him and he was an attesting witness therein also.
13. It is not correct to contend that DW-2 could not have the attesting witness. He in his deposition categorically stated that he had seen the Will being read over to the propounder. The witnesses and he had seen Krishnan Nair putting his signature on the Will. Krishnan Nair had also seen the witnesses putting their signatures. This satisfies the requirements of the provisions of the Section 63 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 and Section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. [See Apoline D Souza v. John D Souza1.
14. The legal requirements in terms of the said provisions are now well-settled. A Will like any other document is to be proved in terms of the provisions of the Indian Succession Act and the Indian Evidence Act. The onus of proving the Will is on the propounder. The testamentary capacity of the propounder must also be established. Execution of the Will by the testator has to be proved. At least one attesting witness is required to be examined for the purpose of proving the execution of the Will. It is required to be shown that the Will has been signed by the testator with his free will and that at the relevant time he was in sound disposing state of mind and understood the nature and effect of the disposition. It is also required to be established that he has signed the Will in the presence of two witnesses who attested his signature in his presence or in the presence of each other. Only when there exist suspicious circumstances, the onus would be on the propounder to explain them to the satisfaction of the court before it can be accepted as genuine.
15. We may, however, notice that according to the appellants themselves, the signature of the testator on the Will was obtained under undue influence or coercion. The onus to prove the same was on them. They have failed to do so If the propounder proves that the Will was signed by the testator and he at the relevant time was in sound disposing state of mind and understood the nature and effect of disposition, the onus stands discharged. For the aforementioned purpose the background fact of the attending circumstances may also be taken into consideration. [See B. Venkata-muni v. C.J. Ayodhya Ram Singh and Others2.
16. In Niranjan Umeshchandra Joshi v. Mrudula Jyoti Rao and Ors.3, this Court held :
‘Section 63 of the Indian Evidence Act lays down the mode and manner in which the execution of an unprivileged Will is to be proved. Section 68 postulates the mode and manner in which proof of execution of document is required by law to be attested. It in unequivocal terms states that execution of Will must be proved at least by one attesting witness, if an attesting witness is alive subject to the process of the court and capable of giving evidence. A Will is to prove what is loosely called as primary evidence, except where proof is permitted by leading secondary evidence. Unlike other documents, proof of execution of any other document under the Act would not be sufficient as in terms of Section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act, execution must be proved at least by one of the attesting witnesses. While making attestation, there must be an animus attestandi, on the part of the attesting witness, meaning thereby, he must intend to attest and extrinsic evidence on this point is receivable.
The burden of proof that the Will has been validly executed and is a genuine document is on the propounder. The propounder is also required to prove that the testator has signed the Will and that he had put his signature out of his own free will having a sound disposition of mind and understood the nature and effect thereof. If sufficient evidence in this behalf is brought on record, the onus of the propounder may be held to have been discharged. But, the onus would be on the applicant to remove the suspicion by leading sufficient and cogent evidence if there exists any. In the case of proof of Will, a signature of a testator alone would not prove the execution thereof, if his mind may appear to be very feeble and debilitated. However, if a defence of fraud, coercion or undue influence is raised, the burden would be on the caveator. [See Madhukar D. Shende v. Tarabai Shedage [JT 2002 (1) SC 74 and Sridevi and Ors. v. Jayaraja Shetty and Ors. [2005 (8) SCC 784]. Subject to above, proof of a Will does not ordinarily differ from that of proving any other document.’
17. Therein, this court also took into consideration the decision of this Court in H. Venkatachala Iyengar (supra), wherein the following circumstances were held to be relevant for determination of the existence of the suspicious circumstances :
‘(i) When a doubt is created in regard to the condition of mind of the testator despite his signature on the Will;
(ii) When the disposition appears to be unnatural or wholly unfair in the light of the relevant circumstances;
(iii) Where propounder himself takes prominent part in the execution of Will which confers on him substantial benefit.’
18. We do not find in the fact situation obtaining herein that any such suspicious circumstance was existing. We are not unmindful of the fact that the court must satisfy its conscience before its genuineness is accepted. But what is necessary therefor, is a rational approach.
19. Deprivation of a due share by the natural heirs itself is not a factor which would lead to the conclusion that there exist suspicious circumstances. For the said purpose, as noticed hereinbefore, the background facts should also be taken into consideration. The son was not meeting his father. He had not been attending to him. He was not even meeting the expenses for his treatment from 1959, when he lost his job till his death in 1978. The testator was living with his sister and her children. If in that situation, if he executed a Will in their favour, no exception thereto can be taken. Even then, something was left for the appellant.
20. In Ramabai Padmakar Patil (Dead) though L.Rs. and Others v. Rukminibai Vishnu Vekhande and Others1, this Court held :
‘8. A Will is executed to alter the mode of succession and by the very nature of things it is bound to result in either reducing or depriving the share of a natural heir. If a person intends his property to pass to his natural heirs, there is no necessity at all of executing a Will. It is true that a propounder of the Will has to remove all suspicious circumstances. Suspicion means doubt, conjecture or mistrust. But the fact that natural heirs have either been excluded or a lesser share has been given to them, by itself without anything more, cannot be held to be a suspicious circumstance, especially in a case where the bequest has been made in favour of an offspring.’
[See also S. Sundaresa Pai and Others v. Sumangala T. Pai (Mrs.) and Another2.
21. Strong reliance has been placed by the learned counsel on Gurdial Kaur and Others v. Kartar Kaur and Others1, wherein it was held :
‘4. The law is well settled that the conscience of the court must be satisfied that the Will in question was not only executed and attested in the manner required under the Indian Succession Act, 1925 but it should also be found that the said Will was the product of the free volition of the executant who had voluntarily executed the same after knowing and understanding the contents of the Will. Therefore, whenever there is any suspicious circumstance, the obligation is cast on the propounder of the Will to dispel the suspicious circumstance. As in the facts and circumstances of the case, the court of appeal below did not accept the valid execution of the Will by indicating reasons and coming to a specific finding that suspicion had not been dispelled to the satisfaction of the Court and such finding of the court of appeal below has also been upheld by the High Court by the impugned judgment, we do not find any reason to interfere with such decision. This appeal, therefore, fails and is dismissed without any order as to costs.’
22. There is no dispute in regard to the proposition that the conscience of the court must be satisfied. In the instant case, the High Court has considered the relevant factors. It has been found that the Will was the product of the free will. He had executed the Will after knowing and understanding the contents thereof.
23. Joseph Antony Lazarus (Dead) By L.Rs. v. A.J. Francis2 , whereupon again reliance was placed, one of the circumstances was that the names of the two sons of the testator had not been mentioned therein. The said decision cannot be said to have any application to the instant case.
24. For the reasons aforementioned, we do not find any legal infirmity in the judgment of the High Court. The appeal is dismissed. However, in the facts and circumstances of the case, there shall be no order as to costs.
