Mritunjoy Sett (D) By LRs. Vs. Jadunath Basak (D) By LRs.
Email[Arising out of SLP (C) No. 16921 of 2006]
[From the Judgement and Order dated 07.02.2006 of the High Court at Calcutta in S.A. No. 110 of 2005]
[Arising out of SLP (C) No. 16921 of 2006]
[From the Judgement and Order dated 07.02.2006 of the High Court at Calcutta in S.A. No. 110 of 2005]
Mr. Dhruv Mehta, Senior Advocate, Mr. Sriram Krishna, Ms. Malashree Ghosh, Mr. B.P. Yadav (for Mrs. Sarla Chandra), Advocates, with him for the Appellant(s).
West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1956
Section 13(6) – Evidence Act, 1872, Sections 17, 21, 32(2) – Notice – Determination of tenancy – Validity – Notice sent on 28.08.1991 under Registered AD post – Asked for vacating before expiry of last day of October – Notice duly served – Specific mention of tenancy according to English Calender month – Also that notice be deemed as one under Section 106 of T.P. Act – Rent receipts showing tenancy as per Bengali Calender – However, clear admission by tenant in another suit that tenancy was as per English Calender month – If notice is valid. Held that notice was valid as rent receipts being uncorroborated, were of no weightage in comparison to clear admission by tenant. Ramlal’s case, held, was wrongly applied by High Court.
Civil Procedure Code, 1908
Section 100 – Second appeal – Tenability – Eviction suit – Question of validity of notice of termination – High Court categorically observed that no substantial question of law involved – No perversity pointed out – Yet, second appeal by tenant allowed. Held that High Court committed grave error of law. Same cannot be sustained. (Paras 9, 21)
‘This defendant has been paying rent at the rate of Rs.6/- to the landlady Smt. Kamala Sett for occupying and using the northern outer wall of the tenancy of the defendant situated at 43/F, Nilmoni Mitra Street, Calcutta-6. This defendant also is a tenant comprising of two rooms at 43/F, Nilmoni Mitra Street, Calcutta – 6 under Smt. Kamala Sett and the rent is Rs. 75/- per English Calendar month.’ (Para 15)
An admission made in a court of law is a valid and relevant piece of evidence to be used in other legal proceedings. Since an admission originates (either orally or in written form) from the person against whom it is sought to be produced, it is the best possible form of evidence. In the factual context of this case, it may also be noted here that the ‘rent receipts’ issued by Smt. Kamala Sett, the predecessor-in-interest of the Appellant herein, being the documentary evidence adduced by the Respondent to prove his contention that the tenancy was as per the Bengali Calendar, was never substantiated by the witness’ testimony of the above-named Smt. Sett in the course of hearings. (Para 16)
Clearly, the admission of the Respondent would carry greater weight than the uncorroborated documentary evidence by way of rent receipts. This is what has been contemplated under Sections 17 which defines ‘admission’ of a party and 21 prescribes the procedure of proving such an admission in the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. (Para 18)
From perusal of the Notice, dated 27.8.1991 sent by Appellant on 28.8.1991, it is clear that one month’s clear Notice was given to the Respondent seeking upon him to vacate the premises. Thus, there has been compliance of Section 13(6) of the Act and once the Respondent’s tenancy was determined on his failure in compliance thereof, suit was maintainable. (Para 20)
1. Leave granted.
2. In this appeal, the question that arises for our consideration is whether the Notice of eviction served by the appellant-landlord upon the respondent-tenant under Section 13 (6) of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1956 (hereinafter shall be referred to as the ‘Act’), thereby determining his tenancy, was valid, legal and in accordance with law or not?
3. Factual matrix giving rise to the present appeal, bereft of unnecessary details are mentioned hereinbelow:
3.1. Original Appellant was the owner and landlord of the premises bearing Municipal Corporation No. 43F Nilmoni Mitra Street, Kolkata – 700 006. The original Respondent was tenant in respect of two rooms on the ground floor at a monthly rent of Rs. 75/-. Before filing the present Ejectment suit, the Appellant had served a notice upon the Respondent determining his tenancy, as contemplated under Section 13 (6) of the Act. The said Notice was sent to the Respondent on 28.8.1991 by registered Post with A/D, directing him to vacate the premises on or before the expiry of the last day of October, 1991. The said Notice was duly served on the Respondent. In the said Notice, it was further averred by the Appellant that he reasonably required the said two rooms under occupation of the Respondent, for his own use and occupation. It is to be noted that the said Notice categorically mentioned that the respondent’s tenancy was in accordance with English Calendar. The said Notice also mentioned that for all purposes, apart from being a notice under the provisions of the Act, it would also be deemed to be one given under Section 106 of the Transfer of Property Act. It is not clear from the record, if any reply was sent to the said notice by the Respondent but obviously as he failed to comply with the said Notice, the Appellant was constrained to file Ejectment Suit No. 124 of 1992 (later renumbered as 1612 of 2000) before the 6th Bench, Court of Small Causes, Calcutta for his ejectment on the ground mentioned in the aforementioned Notice.
4. On service of the summons from Court on the Respondent, he appeared and denied the averments as made by the Appellant. Respondent herein contended that there was absolutely no reasonable requirement of the premises by the Appellant and furthermore, he took a specific plea that the suit was not maintainable inasmuch as it was in contravention of Section 13 (6) of the Act, which provides a clear one month’s Notice for determining the tenancy, as the tenancy was in accordance with Bengali Calendar month and not as per the English Calendar month as averred and pleaded by the Appellant. To buttress this contention further, Respondent placed heavy reliance on the rent receipts issued by Smt. Kamala Bala Sett, the erstwhile owner of the property in question, who was accepting rent earlier for and on behalf of the Appellant, wherein a categorical endorsement was made that tenancy was according to Bengali calendar month.
5. On the averments of the respective parties, the Trial Court was pleased to frame issues. Issue No. 1 and 2 dealt with the question of maintainability of the suit by the Appellant and whether the Notice of ejectment served by Appellant on the Respondent was valid, legal and in accordance with law.
6. However, learned Trial Court after recording the evidence and after perusal of the records available, came to the conclusion that the Notice was not served in accordance with the provisions of section 13 (6) of the Act as one month’s clear time was not given to the Respondent for vacating the premises. Thus, it was found that the very genesis of the suit was defective, and hence the suit was dismissed on this ground alone, even though the ground of ejectment with regard to bona fide need of the Appellant was found to be in his favour.
7. Feeling aggrieved by the judgment and decree of the trial court, Appellant was constrained to
file an appeal before the appellate court. The appellate court considered the matter in full detail, and in particular, the single point therein, namely, with regard to satisfaction of Section 13 (6) of the Act. On consideration of the material on record, as also the certified copy of the written statement filed by Respondent herein in Title Suit No. 203/88, the Appellate Court came to the conclusion that tenancy right in favour of the Respondent was regulated according to English Calendar. Accordingly, there was full and complete compliance of the provisions of Section 13 (6) of the Act. In this view of the matter, judgment and decree of the Trial Court was set aside and the Appellant’s Suit for Respondent’s ejection from the Suit premises was decreed in his favour.
8. Then came the turn of the Respondent-defendant to challenge the same in the High Court by filing a Second Appeal No. 110 of 2005 under Section 100 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (referred to as ‘CPC’ hereinafter). From the impugned judgment, it appears that in the Appeal Memo even though several questions of law were formulated but additional substantial questions of law Nos. XIII and XVII were later formulated for consideration, reproduced hereinbelow:
‘XIII. For that the learned Judge of the First Appellate Court ought to have held that the Notice of Ejectment (Exh-4) is bad in law and no decree can be passed thereon in as much as the said Notice was served on the basis that tenancy month is according to English Calendar while the Rent Receipts (Exhibit B Series and C) clearly indicates that the tenancy month is according to Bengali Calendar month.
XVII. For that the appellate court on the materials before it should have considered that partial eviction of the premises would meet plaintiff’s reasonable requirement.’
9. It is pertinent to mention herein that while considering the appeal, the learned Single Judge found that no substantial question of law was involved in the appeal, yet proceeded to decide the same and that too against the Appellant. The following observations made by Learned Single Judge in this regard, are necessary to be mentioned:
‘On the reflection as aforesaid, this Court is of the view that there is no substantial question of law involved in this case as it is simply a legal question involved, namely, giving weightage to the evidentiary value of the rent receipts vis-a-vis written statement of another Suit wherein it was alleged that the defendant admitted the mode of tenancy. That cannot be a substantial question of law involved.’
10. In fact, in the light of the said categorical finding having been recorded by the learned Single Judge, the necessary consequence would have been to dismiss the Respondent’s Second Appeal but instead, the same has been allowed answering the aforesaid questions of law in favour of the Respondent. Hence this appeal, at the instance of landlord.
11. We have accordingly heard Mr. Dhruv Mehta, learned Senior Advocate ably assisted by Mr. Sriram Krishna, for the Appellant. Despite service of notice on the Respondent by various modes, including publication in the newspaper, he failed to appear.
12. It may be mentioned that during the pendency of Appeal in this Court, both original Appellant and Respondent have died and are being represented through their legal representatives but for the sake of convenience the parties shall still be referred to as Appellant and Respondent.
13. Even though in the impugned judgment and order, learned Single Judge failed to point out any perversity in the judgment and decree of the lower appellate court, yet wrongly placed reliance on a judgment of this Court reported in [JT 2005 (9) SC 47 : 2006 (1) SCC 163] titled Ramlal & Anr. v. Phagua & Anr. and proceeded to allow the same.
14. We have carefully gone through the said judgment and find that in any case, it does not favour the Respondent nor its ratio could be taken advantage of by the Respondent. Basically, and mainly it dealt with the proposition as to how and when concurrent findings of fact recorded by two courts can be interfered with by the High Court in a Second Appeal filed under Section 100 of the CPC. It was held in the said judgment that if any material piece of evidence that goes to the root of the matter, has not been appropriately considered by both the subordinate courts then and only then High Court would be justified in upsetting the judgment and decree of the two courts and not otherwise. In the aforesaid judgment, the question was with regard to a disputed sale deed as is manifest from reading of paras 12 and 14 thereof. Thus, in our considered opinion, reliance on the aforesaid judgment was highly misplaced by the learned Single Judge.
15. Even though, it is not necessary to explore the matter on merits at this stage, nevertheless we find that the Learned Single Judge was also wrong in his approach in giving undue weightage to the rent receipts issued by Smt. Kamla Bala Sett to the Respondent, as compared to categorical and unequivocal admission made by the same Respondent in his Written statement filed in title Suit No. 203/88. His unequivocal admission relevant to this case in para 6 of the said written statement is reproduced herein below:
‘This defendant has been paying rent at the rate of Rs.6/- to the landlady Smt. Kamala Sett for occupying and using the northern outer wall of the tenancy of the defendant situated at 43/F, Nilmoni Mitra Street, Calcutta-6. This defendant also is a tenant comprising of two rooms at 43/F, Nilmoni Mitra Street, Calcutta – 6 under Smt. Kamala Sett and the rent is Rs. 75/- per English Calendar month.’
(Bold supplied by us)
16. In the light of Respondent’s own admission, it leaves no doubt in our mind that it will hold good as long as it was not withdrawn or clarified by him. It is too well settled that an admission made in a court of law is a valid and relevant piece of evidence to be used in other legal proceedings. Since an admission originates (either orally or in written form) from the person against whom it is sought to be produced, it is the best possible form of evidence. In the factual context of this case, it may also be noted here that the ‘rent receipts’ issued by Smt. Kamala Sett, the predecessor-in-interest of the Appellant herein, being the documentary evidence adduced by the Respondent to prove his contention that the tenancy was as per the Bengali Calendar, was never substantiated by the witness’ testimony of the above-named Smt. Sett in the course of hearings.
17. Curiously enough, it was a fit case where both parties would have been greatly benefited if they had examined Smt. Kamala Sett as a witness. If she had deposed in favour of the Respondent then his contention that his tenancy was as per Bengali Calendar, would have been greatly strengthened. On the other hand, a Clause in the Deed of Conveyance executed between the Appellant and Smt. Kamala Sett, reveals that the tenancy in favour of the Respondent was based upon the English Calendar – so if she had affirmed this fact during her examination, then the Appellant would have had an upper hand.
18. There is no particular reason given by either party as to why Smt. Kamala Sett was not produced as a witness before the Trial Court or the lower Appellate Court. Ordinarily therefore, without her testimony, both the copies of the rent receipts produced by the Respondent and the Lease Deed produced by the Appellant, have little evidentiary value vis-a-vis the factual question of whether the tenancy was as per the Bengali or the English Calendar. Even otherwise, assuming that legitimate circumstances existed for non-appearance of Smt. Kamala Sett as a witness in this case, in which case her alleged affirmations in the Rent Receipt (that the tenancy was as per the Bengali Calendar) and the Lease Deed (that the tenancy was as per the English Calendar) would be governed under the special provision contained in Section 32 (2) of the Indian Evidence Act, by no stretch can any of these affirmations be said to carry greater weight than the admission in the written statement made by the Respondent himself in the earlier suit. Thus, clearly, the admission of the Respondent would carry greater weight than the uncorroborated documentary evidence by way of rent receipts. This is what has been contemplated under Sections 17 which defines ‘admission’ of a party and 21 prescribes the procedure of proving such an admission in the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
19. Now, to understand whether the Notice purported to have been served under Section 13 (6) of the Act was in conformity with the aforesaid provision or not, we reproduce hereinbelow the relevant portion of Section 13(6):
‘ Section 13. Protection of tenant against eviction – (1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any other law, no order or decree for the recovery of possession of any premises shall be made by any Court in favour of the landlord against a tenant except on one or more of the following grounds namely…..
(6) Notwithstanding anything in any other law for the time being in force, no suit of proceeding for the recovery of possession of any premises on any of the grounds mentioned in sub-section (1) except the grounds mentioned in clauses (j) and (k) of that sub-section shall be filed by the landlord unless he has given to the tenant one month’s notice expiring with a month of the tenancy.’
20. The aforesaid provision requires giving of one month’s notice to the tenant. From perusal of the Notice, dated 27.8.1991 sent by Appellant on 28.8.1991, it is clear that one month’s clear Notice was given to the Respondent seeking upon him to vacate the premises. Thus, there has been compliance of Section 13(6) of the Act and once the Respondent’s tenancy was determined on his failure in compliance thereof, suit was maintainable.
21. Learned Single Judge of the High Court had not been able to point out any perversity in the Judgment and decree of the appellate Court, yet, committed a grave error of law in allowing the Respondent’s Second Appeal on absolutely flimsy and cursory ground. The same cannot be sustained in law and in our opinion is against the well settled principles of law.
22. In this view of the matter, judgment and decree of the learned Single Judge do not appear to be in conformity with law. Other ground of bona fide requirement was already held in favour of the Appellant. In our considered opinion appellant’s suit was rightly decreed by the lower Appellate Court and the same could not have been set aside by the learned Single Judge, moreso when he had noticed that there was no substantial question of law involved in the second Appeal.
23. Thus, looking to the matter from all angles, we are of the considered opinion that the impugned judgment and decree of the learned Single Judge cannot be sustained in law. The same are hereby set aside and quashed. The judgment and decree of the lower appellate Court are hereby restored and Appellant’s suit for eviction is decreed. Appeal is thus allowed.
24. In the facts and circumstances of the case, parties to bear their respective costs.
