Jabar Singh Vs. Dinesh & Anr.
EmailAppeal: Criminal Appeal No. 487 of 2010
[Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 6629 of 2006]
[From the Judgement and Order dated 18.8.2006 of the High Court of judicature for Rajasthan at Jodhpur in S.B. Criminal Revision Petition No. 188 of 2006]
[Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 6629 of 2006]
[From the Judgement and Order dated 18.8.2006 of the High Court of judicature for Rajasthan at Jodhpur in S.B. Criminal Revision Petition No. 188 of 2006]
Petitioner: Jabar Singh
Respondent: Dinesh & Anr.
Apeal: Criminal Appeal No. 487 of 2010
[Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 6629 of 2006]
[From the Judgement and Order dated 18.8.2006 of the High Court of judicature for Rajasthan at Jodhpur in S.B. Criminal Revision Petition No. 188 of 2006]
[Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 6629 of 2006]
[From the Judgement and Order dated 18.8.2006 of the High Court of judicature for Rajasthan at Jodhpur in S.B. Criminal Revision Petition No. 188 of 2006]
Judges: Harjit Singh Bedi & A.K. Patnaik, JJ.
Date of Judgment: Mar 12, 2010
Appearances:
Appearances
Mr. M.R.Calla, Senior Advocate, Ms Pratiksha Sharma, Mr. Rishi Matoliya, Mr. Mukul Kumar and Mr.P.D. Sharma, Advocates with him for the Appellant(s).
Mr. M.R.Calla, Senior Advocate, Ms Pratiksha Sharma, Mr. Rishi Matoliya, Mr. Mukul Kumar and Mr.P.D. Sharma, Advocates with him for the Appellant(s).
Dr. Manish Singhvi, AAG, Mr. Devanshu Kumar Devesh, Mr. R. Gopalakrishnan (for Mr. Aruneshwar Gupta) Mr Kumar Karthikey, Mr. Ranvijay, Mr. Sukpal Singh, Mr. Amarjit Singh Bedi, Advocates with him for the Respondent(s).
Head Note:
CRIMINAL LAWS
Constitution of India, 1950
Articles 226, 227 – Evidence Act, 1872, Section 35 – Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000, Sections 52, 53 – Revisional jurisdiction of High Courts – Claim of Juvenility – Admission form, Exhibit-1, on basis whereof an entry was made in the scholar’s register showed date of birth as 05.10.1988 – No answer as to who filled up the form or on what basis the date of birth was written – Scholar’s register not in AW1’s handwriting, incharge of administrative work – Overwriting in Exhibit-1 – Horoscope alleged to be 17-18 years old but not appearing to be that old – No independent witness produced – In eight other criminal cases of different years against Respondent No.1 juvenility not pleaded – Claim also not made at investigation stage of this case – Considering these facts as also physical appearance of respondent, Trial Court rejected the claim – Findings reversed by High Court in revision. Held, date of birth in the admission form, the school records and transfer certificates did not satisfy the conditions laid down in Section 35 of 1872 Act as the entry was not in any public or official register, it was not made either by a public servant or by any person in performance of a duty enjoined by law. Age of Respondent No.1 was a question of fact and High Court could not have acted as an appellate court and reversed the trial court’s findings of fact based on good reasoning. High Court’s order set aside and matter remitted to trial court. Respondent No.1 not to be treated as a juvenile at the time of alleged offence. Ravinder Singh Gorkhi’s case and Jyoti Prakash’s case referred.
Constitution of India, 1950
Articles 226, 227 – Evidence Act, 1872, Section 35 – Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000, Sections 52, 53 – Revisional jurisdiction of High Courts – Claim of Juvenility – Admission form, Exhibit-1, on basis whereof an entry was made in the scholar’s register showed date of birth as 05.10.1988 – No answer as to who filled up the form or on what basis the date of birth was written – Scholar’s register not in AW1’s handwriting, incharge of administrative work – Overwriting in Exhibit-1 – Horoscope alleged to be 17-18 years old but not appearing to be that old – No independent witness produced – In eight other criminal cases of different years against Respondent No.1 juvenility not pleaded – Claim also not made at investigation stage of this case – Considering these facts as also physical appearance of respondent, Trial Court rejected the claim – Findings reversed by High Court in revision. Held, date of birth in the admission form, the school records and transfer certificates did not satisfy the conditions laid down in Section 35 of 1872 Act as the entry was not in any public or official register, it was not made either by a public servant or by any person in performance of a duty enjoined by law. Age of Respondent No.1 was a question of fact and High Court could not have acted as an appellate court and reversed the trial court’s findings of fact based on good reasoning. High Court’s order set aside and matter remitted to trial court. Respondent No.1 not to be treated as a juvenile at the time of alleged offence. Ravinder Singh Gorkhi’s case and Jyoti Prakash’s case referred.
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000
Sections 49, 7A – Claim of juvenility – Rejected by Trial Court on 14.2.2006- Under Section 49 (1) only when a person is brought before the competent authority, the competent authority is required to make due enquiry as to that person’s age and record a finding on considering necessary evidence – Whether Trial Court has no jurisdiction. Held, Section 49 applies only when a person is brought before the competent authority. Since Respondent No. 1 was not brought before the competent authority Section 49 was not attracted. Section 49 does not debar the court to determine the age and Trial court has jurisdiction to decide the same. Insertion of Section 7A in the Act shows legislative intent not to oust jurisdiction of the court to decide such claim and the court always had such power.
Section 49 – Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Rules 2007, Rule 12 – Evidence Act, 1872, Section 35 – Rejection of claim of juvenility by Trial Court on 14.2.2006 – Procedure to be followed. Held on 14.02.2006 neither Section 7A nor Rule 12 prescribing procedure to be followed when claim of juvenility is raised had come into force and thus Trial court, was not required to follow the procedure laid down therein. Claim was required to be decided on the material or evidence brought on record, facts and Section 35, Evidence Act. Ravinder Singh Gorkhi (supra) and Jyoti Prakash (supra) referred.
Held:
High Court was not at all right in reversing the findings of the trial court in exercise of its revisional jurisdiction. The entry of date of birth of Respondent No.1 in the admission form, the school records and transfer certificates did not satisfy the conditions laid down in Section 35 of the Evidence Act inasmuch as the entry was not in any public or official register and was not made either by a public servant in the discharge of his official duty or by any person in performance of a duty specially enjoined by the law of the country and, therefore, the entry was not relevant under Section 35 of the Evidence Act for the purpose of determining the age of Respondent No.1 at the time of commission of the alleged offence. As has been held by this Court in Ravinder Singh Gorkhi and Jyoti Prakash (supra) the age of Respondent No.1 was a question of fact, which was to be decided on the evidence brought on record before the court and it was for the trial court to appreciate the evidence and determine the age of Respondent No.1 at the time of commission of the alleged offence and in this case, the trial court has arrived at the finding that the claim of Respondent No.1 that he was less than 18 years at the time of commission of the alleged offence, was not believable. While arriving at this finding of fact, the trial court had not only considered the evidence produced by Respondent No.1 but also considered the fact that either in the earlier cases or during the investigation of the present case, the Respondent No. 1 had not raised this plea. While arriving at this finding of fact, the trial court had also considered the physical appearance of Respondent No.1. Such determination on a question of fact made by the trial court on the basis of the evidence or material before it and other relevant factors could not be disturbed by the High Court in exercise of its revisional powers. (Para 12)
A plain reading of Section 52 of the Act shows that no statutory appeal is available against any finding of the court that a person was not a juvenile at the time of commission of the offence. Section 53 of the Act which is titled ‘Revision’, however, provides that the High Court may at any time, either of its own motion or on an application received on that behalf, call for the record of any proceeding in which any competent authority or court of session has passed an order for the purpose of satisfying itself as to the legality or propriety of any such order, and may pass such order in relation thereto as it thinks fit. While exercising such revisional powers, the High Court cannot convert itself to an appellate court and reverse the findings of fact arrived at by the trial court on the basis of evidence or material on record, except where the High Court is not satisfied as to the legality or propriety of the order passed by the trial court. (Para 13)
Section 49 of the Act contains no provision prohibiting the court before which a claim of juvenility is raised, to determine the age of the person before the court. The trial court, therefore, had the jurisdiction to inquire into the age of Respondent No.1 and for that purpose take such evidence as may be necessary and record a finding whether Respondent No.1 was a juvenile or not at the time of commission of the offence. As a matter of fact, after the trial court in the present case determined the age of Respondent No.1 and rejected his claim to juvenility by the order dated 14.02.2006, Section 7A has been introduced in the Act with effect from 22.08.2006 laying down the procedure to be followed when claim of juvenility is raised before any court. This insertion of Section 7A in the Act indicates that Parliament never intended to oust the jurisdiction of the court to decide a claim of juvenility raised before it, and that the court always had the power to decide a claim of juvenility raised before it. Hence, the contention raised on behalf of Respondent No.1 that it was only the competent authority which had the jurisdiction to decide whether Respondent No.1 was a juvenile at the time of commission of the alleged offence or not, has no merit. (Para 8)
When the trial court passed the order rejecting the claim of Respondent No.1 of juvenility on 14.02.2006, the Rules, including Rule 12 laying down the procedure to be followed in determination of age of a juvenile in conflict with law, had also not come into force. The trial court, thus, was not required to follow the procedure laid down in Section 7A of the Act or Rule 12 of the Rules. In the absence of any statutory provision laying down the procedure to be followed in determining a claim of juvenility raised before it, the court had to decide the claim of juvenility of Respondent No.1 on the materials or evidence brought on record by the parties and Section 35 of the Evidence Act. (Para 9)
Cases Reffered:
1. Jyoti Prakash Rai @ Jyoti Prakash v. State of Bihar [JT 2008 (3) SC 397] (referred) (Para 4)
2. Ravinder Singh Gorkhi v. State of U.P. [JT 2006 (5) SC 468] (referred) (Para 4)
3. Birad Mal Singhvi v. Anand Purohit [JT 1988 (3) SC 389] (Para 5)
4. Chandavarkar Sita Ratna Rao v. Ashalata S. Guram [JT 1986 SC 619] (Para 4)
JUDGEMENT:
A.K. PATNAIK, J.
1. Leave granted.
2. The appellant is the father of Prahalad Singh, who is alleged to have been murdered by the Respondent No.1, and he has filed this appeal against the order dated 18.08.2006 of the High Court of Rajasthan in S.B. Criminal Revision Petition No. 166 of 2006 in which the High Court has held that the Respondent No.1 was a juvenile on the date of commission of the offence and has directed that the matter will be remitted for trial under the provisions of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 (for short, ‘the Act’).
3. The relevant facts very briefly are that on 11.07.2004 one Bhomaram lodged a complaint in Pratap Nagar Police Station, Jodhpur, against the Respondent No.1 and others alleging the offence under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code (for short, ‘the IPC’) along with other offences under the IPC. A criminal case was registered and after investigation, the police filed chargesheet against inter alia the Respondent No.1 and the case was transferred by the Sessions Judge to the Special Judge, SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Cases, Jodhpur, for trial. Before the charges could be framed in the case, an application was filed on behalf of Respondent No.1 under Section 49 of the Act, stating therein that the date of birth of Respondent No.1 was 05.10.1988 and, therefore, on 11.07.2004, when the offence is alleged to have been committed, the Respondent No.1 was less than 18 years of age and he was, thus, a juvenile and has to be tried separately from the other accused under the Act. The State of Rajasthan, in its reply, stated inter alia that the Respondent No. 1 did not disclose that he was a juvenile at any time during the investigation of the case or during the trial of other criminal cases for which he was being tried and that he has taken this plea for the first time to avoid the trial for the heinous crime and that the application of Respondent No.1 should be rejected. The Respondent No.1 examined witnesses and produced documents in support of his claim that he was a juvenile. The State of Rajasthan did not produce any evidence. The trial court, after hearing the parties and considering the evidence, rejected the application of the Respondent No.1 by order dated 14.02.2006. Aggrieved, the Respondent No.1 filed S.B. Criminal Revision Petition No. 166 of 2006 before the High Court and by the impugned order dated 18.08.2006, the High Court allowed the Revision Petition, set aside the order dated 14.02.2006 passed by the trial court and remitted the matter to the trial court for trial of the Respondent No.1 treating him to be a juvenile on the date of commission of the alleged offence in accordance with the provisions of the Act.
4. Mr. M.R. Calla, Senior Counsel appearing for the appellant, submitted that this Court has held in Jyoti Prakash Rai @ Jyoti Prakash v. State of Bihar [JT 2008 (3) SC 397 : 2008 (15) SCC 223] that the beneficial provisions of the Act are to be applied only for the purpose of the interpretation of the Act and not for arriving at a conclusion whether a person is juvenile or not and the question whether an offender was juvenile on the date of commission of the offence or not is essentially a question of fact which is required to be determined on the basis of the materials brought on record by the parties. He submitted that in Ravinder Singh Gorkhi v. State of U.P. [JT 2006 (5) SC 468 : 2006 (5) SCC 584] this Court has further held that Section 35 of the Evidence Act, which provides that an entry in a register maintained in the ordinary course of business by a public servant in the discharge of his official duty, or by any other person in performance of a duty specially enjoined by the law of the country in which such register is kept, would be a relevant fact, will only apply if the conditions mentioned in Section 35 are fulfilled. He submitted relying on the aforesaid decisions of this Court that Section 35 of the Evidence Act could not be applied to the entry of date of birth of Respondent No.1 in the school records produced on behalf of Respondent No.1 before the trial court and on the evidence as produced, the trial court rightly held that the date of birth of the Respondent No.1 cannot be believed to be 05.10.1988. He submitted that the trial court after scrutinizing the evidence, oral and documentary, produced by the Respondent No.1 has held that the evidence produced by Respondent No.1 have been created by the Respondent No. 1 for escaping conviction for a grave offence such as murder and was not believable and by physical appearance, Respondent No.1 looks to be over 18 years of age and on 11.07.2004 he was an adult and not a juvenile. He submitted that this finding of the trial court on a question of fact with regard to the age of Respondent No.1 could not be disturbed by the High Court in a Revision because it is well-settled that the High Court cannot re-appreciate evidence produced before the trial court and arrive at a conclusion different from that of the trial court. In support of this proposition, he relied on Chandavarkar Sita Ratna Rao v. Ashalata S. Guram [1986 (4) SCC 447] in which this Court has held that the High Court, while exercising its jurisdiction under Articles 226/227 of the Constitution, should not interfere with a finding of fact of the inferior court or tribunal, except where the finding was perverse and not based on any material evidence or has resulted in manifest injustice. He submitted that in this decision, this Court has further taken the view that if the trial court came to a conclusion which was possible on the evidence, the High Court will not disturb the conclusion arrived at by the trial court merely because the High Court is of the view that a different conclusion is also possible on the same evidence. He vehemently argued that the High Court has lost sight of these limitations of its jurisdiction and on the basis of its own appraisal of the evidence taken a view that the Respondent No.1 was a juvenile on the date of the commission of the offence and has set aside the order of the trial court.
5. Dr. Manish Singhvi, learned counsel appearing for the State of Rajasthan, submitted that the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Rules 2007 (for short, ‘the Rules’), which have come into force on 26.10.2007, provide in Rule 12 the procedure to be followed in determination of age and Sub-Rule (3) of Rule 12 provides that the age determination inquiry shall be conducted by the Court or the Juvenile Justice Board or, as the case may be, the Child Welfare Committee by seeking evidence by obtaining the matriculation or equivalent certificate, if available, and in the absence of such certificate, the date of birth certificate from the school first attended, and in the absence of such certificate, the birth certificate given by a corporation or a municipal authority or a panchayat, and only in the absence of these three kinds of certificates the medical opinion could be sought from a duly constituted Medical Board which will declare the age of the juvenile or child. He, however, submitted that these rules had not come into force when the trial court considered and rejected the application of Respondent No.1 claiming juvenility by its order dated 18.08.2006. He submitted that the reasons given by the trial court in the order dated 18.08.2006 were very sound and the High Court ought not to have set aside the findings of the trial court merely on the basis of entries in the school records relating to the date of birth of Respondent No. 1, particularly when there was overwriting on these entries. He cited Birad Mal Singhvi v. Anand Purohit [JT 1988 (3) SC 389 : 1988 (Suppl.) SCC 604 : AIR 1988 SC 1796] in which this Court, referring to its earlier decisions, has held that the date of birth mentioned in a school register or a school certificate has no probative value unless either the parents are examined or the persons who have special knowledge of the date of birth of the person and on whose information the entry has been made have been examined.
6. Mr. Kumar Karthikey, learned counsel appearing for Respondent No.1, on the other hand, supported the impugned order passed by the High Court and submitted that the High Court has considered the evidence adduced by Respondent No. 1, both oral and documentary, and has rightly come to a finding that the date of birth of Respondent No.1 was 05.10.1988. He submitted that the proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 7A of the Act is clear that a claim of juvenility may be raised before any court and it shall be recognised at any stage, even after final disposal of the case, and such claim shall be determined in terms of the provisions of the Act and the Rules even if the juvenile has ceased to be so on or before the date of commencement of the Act and, therefore, the argument on behalf of the State of Rajasthan that at the stage of investigation Respondent No.1 did not take a plea that he was a juvenile at the time of commission of the alleged offence has no merit. He further submitted that under Section 49 of the Act it is only the competent authority which has the jurisdiction to make due enquiry as to the age of a person brought before it and the competent authority in the present case is the Juvenile Justice Board and it is for the Juvenile Justice Board and not the court to determine the age of Respondent No.1.
7. Section 49(1) of the Act is quoted herein below:
‘Presumption and determination of age.–(1) Where it appears to a competent authority that person brought before it under any of the provisions of this Act (otherwise than for the purpose of giving evidence) is a juvenile or the child, the competent authority shall make due inquiry so as to the age of that person and for that purpose shall take such evidence as may be necessary (but not an affidavit) and shall record a finding whether the person is a juvenile or the child or not, stating his age as nearly as may be.’
7.1. The opening words of sub-section (1) of Section 49, quoted above, shows that only when a person is ‘brought before the competent authority’ under any of the provisions of the Act, the competent authority is required to make due enquiry as to the age of that person and for that purpose take such evidence as may be necessary and record a finding whether the person is a juvenile or not. Section 49 is, therefore, attracted when a person is brought before the competent authority and not otherwise. In the present case, the Respondent No. 1 was not brought before the competent authority, namely, the Juvenile Justice Board. Hence, Section 49 was not attracted and the competent authority had no jurisdiction to make enquiry as to the age of Respondent No. 1 as provided under sub-section (1) of Section 49.
8. In fact, Respondent No.1 was before the trial court when he filed an application claiming juvenility and it was, therefore, for the trial court to make an enquiry and take such evidence as may be necessary to determine the age of Respondent No.1 and decide upon his claim of juvenility. Section 49 of the Act contains no provision prohibiting the court before which a claim of juvenility is raised, to determine the age of the person before the court. The trial court, therefore, had the jurisdiction to inquire into the age of Respondent No.1 and for that purpose take such evidence as may be necessary and record a finding whether Respondent No.1 was a juvenile or not at the time of commission of the offence. As a matter of fact, after the trial court in the present case determined the age of Respondent No.1 and rejected his claim to juvenility by the order dated 14.02.2006, Section 7A has been introduced in the Act with effect from 22.08.2006 laying down the procedure to be followed when claim of juvenility is raised before any court. This insertion of Section 7A in the Act indicates that Parliament never intended to oust the jurisdiction of the court to decide a claim of juvenility raised before it, and that the court always had the power to decide a claim of juvenility raised before it. Hence, the contention raised on behalf of Respondent No.1 that it was only the competent authority which had the jurisdiction to decide whether Respondent No.1 was a juvenile at the time of commission of the alleged offence or not, has no merit.
9. The trial court passed the order on 14.02.2006 rejecting the claim of Respondent No.1 that he was a juvenile at the time of commission of the offence and Section 7A of the Act laying down the procedure to be followed when claim of juvenility is raised before any court had not come into force by 14.02.2006. When the trial court passed the order rejecting the claim of Respondent No.1 of juvenility on 14.02.2006, the Rules, including Rule 12 laying down the procedure to be followed in determination of age of a juvenile in conflict with law, had also not come into force. The trial court, thus, was not required to follow the procedure laid down in Section 7A of the Act or Rule 12 of the Rules. In the absence of any statutory provision laying down the procedure to be followed in determining a claim of juvenility raised before it, the court had to decide the claim of juvenility of Respondent No.1 on the materials or evidence brought on record by the parties and Section 35 of the Evidence Act. This Court has held in Ravinder Singh Gorkhi (supra) that in case of a dispute with regard to the age of the person who is alleged to have committed the offence, the Court has to appreciate the evidence having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case and it will be the duty of the court to accord the benefit to a juvenile, provided he is found to be a juvenile and not to give the same benefit to a person who, in fact, is not a juvenile and cause injustice to the victim. Again in Jyoti Prakash (supra) this Court has held that in the absence of any evidence which is relevant under Section 35 of the Indian Evidence Act, the age of a person who has committed the offence must be determined keeping in view the factual matrix involved in each case.
10. On a reading of the order dated 14.02.2006 of the trial court, we find that the trial court has found that AW1 Shivraj examined on behalf of Respondent No.1 stated before the court that he looks after the administrative work of Jesus Mary Public School and this work was being previously looked after by his son Anand, who had expired. AW1 has further stated that Exhibit-1 was the admission form in relation to Respondent No.1 in which the date of birth of Respondent No.1 was mentioned as 05.10.1988 and in this admission form the uncle of Respondent No.1 had put his signatures marked by the court as Exhibits 1E to 1F and on the basis of this information in the admission form an entry was made in the scholar’s register (Exhibit-2) that the date of birth of Respondent No.1 was 05.10.1988. The trial court, however, has taken note of the fact that AW1 in his cross-examination could not say who had filled up the admission form and on what basis the date of birth of Respondent No.1 was written as 05.10.1988. The trial court has further observed that AW1 has admitted that the scholar’s register (Exhibit-2) was not in his handwriting and that he had never seen the boy whose name was mentioned in Exhibit-2. The trial court has held that there was overwriting in the date of birth of Respondent No.1 in Exhibit-1 and from a perusal of the document it was not clear on what basis the date of birth of the Respondent No.1 was written and for this reason the date of birth of the Respondent No.1 cannot be believed to be 05.10.1988. The trial court has also held that the father of Respondent No.1 Sukhram was also examined before the court as AW4 and that he had stated that he got prepared the horoscope of his son (Exhibit-12) from Pandit Jagdish Prasad Sharma who had expired and that Respondent No.1 was born on 05.10.1988 in village Surpura, District Jodhpur. The trial court has, however, held that according to the evidence of AW4 the horoscope (Exhibit-12) was approximately 17-18 years old but by merely looking at the document it was clear that the document was not so old and on the basis of Exhibit-12, therefore, the date of birth of Respondent No. 1 cannot be said to be proved as 05.10.1988. The trial court has further held in its order that the uncle of Respondent No. 1 Pancharam was examined as AW5 who is said to have furnished the date of birth of Respondent No.1 in the admission form (Exhibit-1) as 05.10.1988, but in his examination-in-chief AW5 has clarified that he had mentioned the date of birth on the saying of his brother Sukhram. The trial court has further held that since the basis of the date of birth was not written in the admission form (Exhibit-1), and no independent witness had been produced before the court such as the mid-wife or nurse who had participated in the birth of Respondent No.1 which is said to have taken place on 05.10.1988 in village Surpura, the court cannot believe that the date of birth of Respondent No.1 was 05.10.1988 particularly when in eight other criminal cases pending in various courts relating to incidents of the years 2002, 2003 and 2004, Respondent No.1 had not taken the plea that on the date of the incident he was a juvenile and cannot be tried by the ordinary courts but by the juvenile courts in accordance with the Act. The trial court has also held that the evidence, documentary and oral, produced on behalf of Respondent No.1 in connection with his age, appeared to have been created for escaping the punishment for the alleged offence of murder and that from the appearance of Respondent No.1, it looked that the Respondent No. 1 was above 18 years of age on 11.07.2004 when the alleged offence under Section 302 of the IPC was committed.
11. In the impugned order passed in revision, the High Court reversed the findings of the trial court and held that even if Respondent No.1 had not raised a plea that he was a juvenile in other criminal cases or during the course of investigation of the present criminal case, such a plea could be raised by him at any stage during the course of trial and even at the appellate stage. The High Court further held that the date of birth of Respondent No.1 in the admission forms, school records, and transfer certificates were good proof in relation to the age of Respondent No.1 and simply because by physical appearance the Respondent No.1 did not look like a juvenile, the court cannot hold that Respondent No.1 was not juvenile at the time of commission of the alleged offence. The High Court concluded that the trial court has miserably failed to appreciate the evidence in its correct perspective and the findings recorded by the trial court in relation to the age of Respondent No.1 were contrary to the established principles of law in relation to appreciation of evidence and deserved to be set aside.
12. We are of the considered opinion that the High Court was not at all right in reversing the findings of the trial court in exercise of its revisional jurisdiction. The entry of date of birth of Respondent No.1 in the admission form, the school records and transfer certificates did not satisfy the conditions laid down in Section 35 of the Evidence Act inasmuch as the entry was not in any public or official register and was not made either by a public servant in the discharge of his official duty or by any person in performance of a duty specially enjoined by the law of the country and, therefore, the entry was not relevant under Section 35 of the Evidence Act for the purpose of determining the age of Respondent No.1 at the time of commission of the alleged offence. As has been held by this Court in Ravinder Singh Gorkhi and Jyoti Prakash (supra) the age of Respondent No.1 was a question of fact, which was to be decided on the evidence brought on record before the court and it was for the trial court to appreciate the evidence and determine the age of Respondent No.1 at the time of commission of the alleged offence and in this case, the trial court has arrived at the finding that the claim of Respondent No.1 that he was less than 18 years at the time of commission of the alleged offence, was not believable. While arriving at this finding of fact, the trial court had not only considered the evidence produced by Respondent No.1 but also considered the fact that either in the earlier cases or during the investigation of the present case, the Respondent No. 1 had not raised this plea. While arriving at this finding of fact, the trial court had also considered the physical appearance of Respondent No.1. Such determination on a question of fact made by the trial court on the basis of the evidence or material before it and other relevant factors could not be disturbed by the High Court in exercise of its revisional powers.
13. A plain reading of Section 52 of the Act shows that no statutory appeal is available against any finding of the court that a person was not a juvenile at the time of commission of the offence. Section 53 of the Act which is titled ‘Revision’, however, provides that the High Court may at any time, either of its own motion or on an application received on that behalf, call for the record of any proceeding in which any competent authority or court of session has passed an order for the purpose of satisfying itself as to the legality or propriety of any such order, and may pass such order in relation thereto as it thinks fit. While exercising such revisional powers, the High Court cannot convert itself to an appellate court and reverse the findings of fact arrived at by the trial court on the basis of evidence or material on record, except where the High Court is not satisfied as to the legality or propriety of the order passed by the trial court. The trial court, as we have discussed, has given good reasons for discarding the evidence adduced by the Respondent No.1 in support of his claim that he was a juvenile at the time of commission of the alleged offence and there was no scope to hold that the order of the trial court was either illegal or improper and the High Court should not have substituted its own finding for that of the trial court on the age of Respondent No.1 at the time of commission of the alleged offence by re-appreciating the evidence.
14. In the result, we allow this appeal and set aside the impugned order dated 18.08.2006 of the High Court in S.B. Criminal Revision Petition No. 166 of 2006 and remit the matter to the trial court for trial of Respondent No.1 in accordance with law treating him not to be a juvenile at the time of the commission of the alleged offence.
**********
1. Leave granted.
2. The appellant is the father of Prahalad Singh, who is alleged to have been murdered by the Respondent No.1, and he has filed this appeal against the order dated 18.08.2006 of the High Court of Rajasthan in S.B. Criminal Revision Petition No. 166 of 2006 in which the High Court has held that the Respondent No.1 was a juvenile on the date of commission of the offence and has directed that the matter will be remitted for trial under the provisions of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 (for short, ‘the Act’).
3. The relevant facts very briefly are that on 11.07.2004 one Bhomaram lodged a complaint in Pratap Nagar Police Station, Jodhpur, against the Respondent No.1 and others alleging the offence under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code (for short, ‘the IPC’) along with other offences under the IPC. A criminal case was registered and after investigation, the police filed chargesheet against inter alia the Respondent No.1 and the case was transferred by the Sessions Judge to the Special Judge, SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Cases, Jodhpur, for trial. Before the charges could be framed in the case, an application was filed on behalf of Respondent No.1 under Section 49 of the Act, stating therein that the date of birth of Respondent No.1 was 05.10.1988 and, therefore, on 11.07.2004, when the offence is alleged to have been committed, the Respondent No.1 was less than 18 years of age and he was, thus, a juvenile and has to be tried separately from the other accused under the Act. The State of Rajasthan, in its reply, stated inter alia that the Respondent No. 1 did not disclose that he was a juvenile at any time during the investigation of the case or during the trial of other criminal cases for which he was being tried and that he has taken this plea for the first time to avoid the trial for the heinous crime and that the application of Respondent No.1 should be rejected. The Respondent No.1 examined witnesses and produced documents in support of his claim that he was a juvenile. The State of Rajasthan did not produce any evidence. The trial court, after hearing the parties and considering the evidence, rejected the application of the Respondent No.1 by order dated 14.02.2006. Aggrieved, the Respondent No.1 filed S.B. Criminal Revision Petition No. 166 of 2006 before the High Court and by the impugned order dated 18.08.2006, the High Court allowed the Revision Petition, set aside the order dated 14.02.2006 passed by the trial court and remitted the matter to the trial court for trial of the Respondent No.1 treating him to be a juvenile on the date of commission of the alleged offence in accordance with the provisions of the Act.
4. Mr. M.R. Calla, Senior Counsel appearing for the appellant, submitted that this Court has held in Jyoti Prakash Rai @ Jyoti Prakash v. State of Bihar [JT 2008 (3) SC 397 : 2008 (15) SCC 223] that the beneficial provisions of the Act are to be applied only for the purpose of the interpretation of the Act and not for arriving at a conclusion whether a person is juvenile or not and the question whether an offender was juvenile on the date of commission of the offence or not is essentially a question of fact which is required to be determined on the basis of the materials brought on record by the parties. He submitted that in Ravinder Singh Gorkhi v. State of U.P. [JT 2006 (5) SC 468 : 2006 (5) SCC 584] this Court has further held that Section 35 of the Evidence Act, which provides that an entry in a register maintained in the ordinary course of business by a public servant in the discharge of his official duty, or by any other person in performance of a duty specially enjoined by the law of the country in which such register is kept, would be a relevant fact, will only apply if the conditions mentioned in Section 35 are fulfilled. He submitted relying on the aforesaid decisions of this Court that Section 35 of the Evidence Act could not be applied to the entry of date of birth of Respondent No.1 in the school records produced on behalf of Respondent No.1 before the trial court and on the evidence as produced, the trial court rightly held that the date of birth of the Respondent No.1 cannot be believed to be 05.10.1988. He submitted that the trial court after scrutinizing the evidence, oral and documentary, produced by the Respondent No.1 has held that the evidence produced by Respondent No.1 have been created by the Respondent No. 1 for escaping conviction for a grave offence such as murder and was not believable and by physical appearance, Respondent No.1 looks to be over 18 years of age and on 11.07.2004 he was an adult and not a juvenile. He submitted that this finding of the trial court on a question of fact with regard to the age of Respondent No.1 could not be disturbed by the High Court in a Revision because it is well-settled that the High Court cannot re-appreciate evidence produced before the trial court and arrive at a conclusion different from that of the trial court. In support of this proposition, he relied on Chandavarkar Sita Ratna Rao v. Ashalata S. Guram [1986 (4) SCC 447] in which this Court has held that the High Court, while exercising its jurisdiction under Articles 226/227 of the Constitution, should not interfere with a finding of fact of the inferior court or tribunal, except where the finding was perverse and not based on any material evidence or has resulted in manifest injustice. He submitted that in this decision, this Court has further taken the view that if the trial court came to a conclusion which was possible on the evidence, the High Court will not disturb the conclusion arrived at by the trial court merely because the High Court is of the view that a different conclusion is also possible on the same evidence. He vehemently argued that the High Court has lost sight of these limitations of its jurisdiction and on the basis of its own appraisal of the evidence taken a view that the Respondent No.1 was a juvenile on the date of the commission of the offence and has set aside the order of the trial court.
5. Dr. Manish Singhvi, learned counsel appearing for the State of Rajasthan, submitted that the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Rules 2007 (for short, ‘the Rules’), which have come into force on 26.10.2007, provide in Rule 12 the procedure to be followed in determination of age and Sub-Rule (3) of Rule 12 provides that the age determination inquiry shall be conducted by the Court or the Juvenile Justice Board or, as the case may be, the Child Welfare Committee by seeking evidence by obtaining the matriculation or equivalent certificate, if available, and in the absence of such certificate, the date of birth certificate from the school first attended, and in the absence of such certificate, the birth certificate given by a corporation or a municipal authority or a panchayat, and only in the absence of these three kinds of certificates the medical opinion could be sought from a duly constituted Medical Board which will declare the age of the juvenile or child. He, however, submitted that these rules had not come into force when the trial court considered and rejected the application of Respondent No.1 claiming juvenility by its order dated 18.08.2006. He submitted that the reasons given by the trial court in the order dated 18.08.2006 were very sound and the High Court ought not to have set aside the findings of the trial court merely on the basis of entries in the school records relating to the date of birth of Respondent No. 1, particularly when there was overwriting on these entries. He cited Birad Mal Singhvi v. Anand Purohit [JT 1988 (3) SC 389 : 1988 (Suppl.) SCC 604 : AIR 1988 SC 1796] in which this Court, referring to its earlier decisions, has held that the date of birth mentioned in a school register or a school certificate has no probative value unless either the parents are examined or the persons who have special knowledge of the date of birth of the person and on whose information the entry has been made have been examined.
6. Mr. Kumar Karthikey, learned counsel appearing for Respondent No.1, on the other hand, supported the impugned order passed by the High Court and submitted that the High Court has considered the evidence adduced by Respondent No. 1, both oral and documentary, and has rightly come to a finding that the date of birth of Respondent No.1 was 05.10.1988. He submitted that the proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 7A of the Act is clear that a claim of juvenility may be raised before any court and it shall be recognised at any stage, even after final disposal of the case, and such claim shall be determined in terms of the provisions of the Act and the Rules even if the juvenile has ceased to be so on or before the date of commencement of the Act and, therefore, the argument on behalf of the State of Rajasthan that at the stage of investigation Respondent No.1 did not take a plea that he was a juvenile at the time of commission of the alleged offence has no merit. He further submitted that under Section 49 of the Act it is only the competent authority which has the jurisdiction to make due enquiry as to the age of a person brought before it and the competent authority in the present case is the Juvenile Justice Board and it is for the Juvenile Justice Board and not the court to determine the age of Respondent No.1.
7. Section 49(1) of the Act is quoted herein below:
‘Presumption and determination of age.–(1) Where it appears to a competent authority that person brought before it under any of the provisions of this Act (otherwise than for the purpose of giving evidence) is a juvenile or the child, the competent authority shall make due inquiry so as to the age of that person and for that purpose shall take such evidence as may be necessary (but not an affidavit) and shall record a finding whether the person is a juvenile or the child or not, stating his age as nearly as may be.’
7.1. The opening words of sub-section (1) of Section 49, quoted above, shows that only when a person is ‘brought before the competent authority’ under any of the provisions of the Act, the competent authority is required to make due enquiry as to the age of that person and for that purpose take such evidence as may be necessary and record a finding whether the person is a juvenile or not. Section 49 is, therefore, attracted when a person is brought before the competent authority and not otherwise. In the present case, the Respondent No. 1 was not brought before the competent authority, namely, the Juvenile Justice Board. Hence, Section 49 was not attracted and the competent authority had no jurisdiction to make enquiry as to the age of Respondent No. 1 as provided under sub-section (1) of Section 49.
8. In fact, Respondent No.1 was before the trial court when he filed an application claiming juvenility and it was, therefore, for the trial court to make an enquiry and take such evidence as may be necessary to determine the age of Respondent No.1 and decide upon his claim of juvenility. Section 49 of the Act contains no provision prohibiting the court before which a claim of juvenility is raised, to determine the age of the person before the court. The trial court, therefore, had the jurisdiction to inquire into the age of Respondent No.1 and for that purpose take such evidence as may be necessary and record a finding whether Respondent No.1 was a juvenile or not at the time of commission of the offence. As a matter of fact, after the trial court in the present case determined the age of Respondent No.1 and rejected his claim to juvenility by the order dated 14.02.2006, Section 7A has been introduced in the Act with effect from 22.08.2006 laying down the procedure to be followed when claim of juvenility is raised before any court. This insertion of Section 7A in the Act indicates that Parliament never intended to oust the jurisdiction of the court to decide a claim of juvenility raised before it, and that the court always had the power to decide a claim of juvenility raised before it. Hence, the contention raised on behalf of Respondent No.1 that it was only the competent authority which had the jurisdiction to decide whether Respondent No.1 was a juvenile at the time of commission of the alleged offence or not, has no merit.
9. The trial court passed the order on 14.02.2006 rejecting the claim of Respondent No.1 that he was a juvenile at the time of commission of the offence and Section 7A of the Act laying down the procedure to be followed when claim of juvenility is raised before any court had not come into force by 14.02.2006. When the trial court passed the order rejecting the claim of Respondent No.1 of juvenility on 14.02.2006, the Rules, including Rule 12 laying down the procedure to be followed in determination of age of a juvenile in conflict with law, had also not come into force. The trial court, thus, was not required to follow the procedure laid down in Section 7A of the Act or Rule 12 of the Rules. In the absence of any statutory provision laying down the procedure to be followed in determining a claim of juvenility raised before it, the court had to decide the claim of juvenility of Respondent No.1 on the materials or evidence brought on record by the parties and Section 35 of the Evidence Act. This Court has held in Ravinder Singh Gorkhi (supra) that in case of a dispute with regard to the age of the person who is alleged to have committed the offence, the Court has to appreciate the evidence having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case and it will be the duty of the court to accord the benefit to a juvenile, provided he is found to be a juvenile and not to give the same benefit to a person who, in fact, is not a juvenile and cause injustice to the victim. Again in Jyoti Prakash (supra) this Court has held that in the absence of any evidence which is relevant under Section 35 of the Indian Evidence Act, the age of a person who has committed the offence must be determined keeping in view the factual matrix involved in each case.
10. On a reading of the order dated 14.02.2006 of the trial court, we find that the trial court has found that AW1 Shivraj examined on behalf of Respondent No.1 stated before the court that he looks after the administrative work of Jesus Mary Public School and this work was being previously looked after by his son Anand, who had expired. AW1 has further stated that Exhibit-1 was the admission form in relation to Respondent No.1 in which the date of birth of Respondent No.1 was mentioned as 05.10.1988 and in this admission form the uncle of Respondent No.1 had put his signatures marked by the court as Exhibits 1E to 1F and on the basis of this information in the admission form an entry was made in the scholar’s register (Exhibit-2) that the date of birth of Respondent No.1 was 05.10.1988. The trial court, however, has taken note of the fact that AW1 in his cross-examination could not say who had filled up the admission form and on what basis the date of birth of Respondent No.1 was written as 05.10.1988. The trial court has further observed that AW1 has admitted that the scholar’s register (Exhibit-2) was not in his handwriting and that he had never seen the boy whose name was mentioned in Exhibit-2. The trial court has held that there was overwriting in the date of birth of Respondent No.1 in Exhibit-1 and from a perusal of the document it was not clear on what basis the date of birth of the Respondent No.1 was written and for this reason the date of birth of the Respondent No.1 cannot be believed to be 05.10.1988. The trial court has also held that the father of Respondent No.1 Sukhram was also examined before the court as AW4 and that he had stated that he got prepared the horoscope of his son (Exhibit-12) from Pandit Jagdish Prasad Sharma who had expired and that Respondent No.1 was born on 05.10.1988 in village Surpura, District Jodhpur. The trial court has, however, held that according to the evidence of AW4 the horoscope (Exhibit-12) was approximately 17-18 years old but by merely looking at the document it was clear that the document was not so old and on the basis of Exhibit-12, therefore, the date of birth of Respondent No. 1 cannot be said to be proved as 05.10.1988. The trial court has further held in its order that the uncle of Respondent No. 1 Pancharam was examined as AW5 who is said to have furnished the date of birth of Respondent No.1 in the admission form (Exhibit-1) as 05.10.1988, but in his examination-in-chief AW5 has clarified that he had mentioned the date of birth on the saying of his brother Sukhram. The trial court has further held that since the basis of the date of birth was not written in the admission form (Exhibit-1), and no independent witness had been produced before the court such as the mid-wife or nurse who had participated in the birth of Respondent No.1 which is said to have taken place on 05.10.1988 in village Surpura, the court cannot believe that the date of birth of Respondent No.1 was 05.10.1988 particularly when in eight other criminal cases pending in various courts relating to incidents of the years 2002, 2003 and 2004, Respondent No.1 had not taken the plea that on the date of the incident he was a juvenile and cannot be tried by the ordinary courts but by the juvenile courts in accordance with the Act. The trial court has also held that the evidence, documentary and oral, produced on behalf of Respondent No.1 in connection with his age, appeared to have been created for escaping the punishment for the alleged offence of murder and that from the appearance of Respondent No.1, it looked that the Respondent No. 1 was above 18 years of age on 11.07.2004 when the alleged offence under Section 302 of the IPC was committed.
11. In the impugned order passed in revision, the High Court reversed the findings of the trial court and held that even if Respondent No.1 had not raised a plea that he was a juvenile in other criminal cases or during the course of investigation of the present criminal case, such a plea could be raised by him at any stage during the course of trial and even at the appellate stage. The High Court further held that the date of birth of Respondent No.1 in the admission forms, school records, and transfer certificates were good proof in relation to the age of Respondent No.1 and simply because by physical appearance the Respondent No.1 did not look like a juvenile, the court cannot hold that Respondent No.1 was not juvenile at the time of commission of the alleged offence. The High Court concluded that the trial court has miserably failed to appreciate the evidence in its correct perspective and the findings recorded by the trial court in relation to the age of Respondent No.1 were contrary to the established principles of law in relation to appreciation of evidence and deserved to be set aside.
12. We are of the considered opinion that the High Court was not at all right in reversing the findings of the trial court in exercise of its revisional jurisdiction. The entry of date of birth of Respondent No.1 in the admission form, the school records and transfer certificates did not satisfy the conditions laid down in Section 35 of the Evidence Act inasmuch as the entry was not in any public or official register and was not made either by a public servant in the discharge of his official duty or by any person in performance of a duty specially enjoined by the law of the country and, therefore, the entry was not relevant under Section 35 of the Evidence Act for the purpose of determining the age of Respondent No.1 at the time of commission of the alleged offence. As has been held by this Court in Ravinder Singh Gorkhi and Jyoti Prakash (supra) the age of Respondent No.1 was a question of fact, which was to be decided on the evidence brought on record before the court and it was for the trial court to appreciate the evidence and determine the age of Respondent No.1 at the time of commission of the alleged offence and in this case, the trial court has arrived at the finding that the claim of Respondent No.1 that he was less than 18 years at the time of commission of the alleged offence, was not believable. While arriving at this finding of fact, the trial court had not only considered the evidence produced by Respondent No.1 but also considered the fact that either in the earlier cases or during the investigation of the present case, the Respondent No. 1 had not raised this plea. While arriving at this finding of fact, the trial court had also considered the physical appearance of Respondent No.1. Such determination on a question of fact made by the trial court on the basis of the evidence or material before it and other relevant factors could not be disturbed by the High Court in exercise of its revisional powers.
13. A plain reading of Section 52 of the Act shows that no statutory appeal is available against any finding of the court that a person was not a juvenile at the time of commission of the offence. Section 53 of the Act which is titled ‘Revision’, however, provides that the High Court may at any time, either of its own motion or on an application received on that behalf, call for the record of any proceeding in which any competent authority or court of session has passed an order for the purpose of satisfying itself as to the legality or propriety of any such order, and may pass such order in relation thereto as it thinks fit. While exercising such revisional powers, the High Court cannot convert itself to an appellate court and reverse the findings of fact arrived at by the trial court on the basis of evidence or material on record, except where the High Court is not satisfied as to the legality or propriety of the order passed by the trial court. The trial court, as we have discussed, has given good reasons for discarding the evidence adduced by the Respondent No.1 in support of his claim that he was a juvenile at the time of commission of the alleged offence and there was no scope to hold that the order of the trial court was either illegal or improper and the High Court should not have substituted its own finding for that of the trial court on the age of Respondent No.1 at the time of commission of the alleged offence by re-appreciating the evidence.
14. In the result, we allow this appeal and set aside the impugned order dated 18.08.2006 of the High Court in S.B. Criminal Revision Petition No. 166 of 2006 and remit the matter to the trial court for trial of Respondent No.1 in accordance with law treating him not to be a juvenile at the time of the commission of the alleged offence.
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