Abdul Sayeed Vs. State of Madhya Pradesh
EmailAppeal: Criminal Appeal No. 1243 of 2007
With
Rafique v. State of Madhya Pradesh
Criminal Appeal No. 1399 of 2008
And
Rais @ Toun & Ors. v. State of Madhya Pradesh
Criminal Appeal Nos. 1363-1365 of 2010
[From the Judgement and Order dated 12.01.2006 of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh at Indore in CRL. A. No. 1191 of 1998]
With
Rafique v. State of Madhya Pradesh
Criminal Appeal No. 1399 of 2008
And
Rais @ Toun & Ors. v. State of Madhya Pradesh
Criminal Appeal Nos. 1363-1365 of 2010
[From the Judgement and Order dated 12.01.2006 of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh at Indore in CRL. A. No. 1191 of 1998]
Petitioner: Abdul Sayeed
Respondent: State of Madhya Pradesh
Apeal: Criminal Appeal No. 1243 of 2007
With
Rafique v. State of Madhya Pradesh
Criminal Appeal No. 1399 of 2008
And
Rais @ Toun & Ors. v. State of Madhya Pradesh
Criminal Appeal Nos. 1363-1365 of 2010
[From the Judgement and Order dated 12.01.2006 of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh at Indore in CRL. A. No. 1191 of 1998]
With
Rafique v. State of Madhya Pradesh
Criminal Appeal No. 1399 of 2008
And
Rais @ Toun & Ors. v. State of Madhya Pradesh
Criminal Appeal Nos. 1363-1365 of 2010
[From the Judgement and Order dated 12.01.2006 of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh at Indore in CRL. A. No. 1191 of 1998]
Judges: P. Sathasivam & Dr. B.S. Chauhan, JJ.
Date of Judgment: Sep 14, 2010
Appearances:
Appearances
Mr. Fakhruddin, Senior Advocate, Mr. Abdul Karim Ansari, Mrs. Munawar S. Alam, Mr. Raj Kishore Choudhry, Mr. Bharat Bhusan, Mr. Yusuf, Mr. Samant Ahuja, Mrs. Gulfeeshan Javed, Ms. Neeru Sharma, Ms. Chitranjali Negi, Mr. G.G. Padmakiar Tripathi, Ms. Meenu Sharma, Ms. Malini Poduval, Mr. Ranbir Singh Yadav, Mr. P. Kakra and Ms. Rakhi Ray, Advocates, with him, for the Appellants.
Mr. C.D. Singh, Mr. Bhupendra Pratap Singh, Mr. Sunny Chaudhary, Mr. Shashank Shekhar Parihar and Ms. Sakshi Kakkar, Advocates, for the Respondent.
Mr. Fakhruddin, Senior Advocate, Mr. Abdul Karim Ansari, Mrs. Munawar S. Alam, Mr. Raj Kishore Choudhry, Mr. Bharat Bhusan, Mr. Yusuf, Mr. Samant Ahuja, Mrs. Gulfeeshan Javed, Ms. Neeru Sharma, Ms. Chitranjali Negi, Mr. G.G. Padmakiar Tripathi, Ms. Meenu Sharma, Ms. Malini Poduval, Mr. Ranbir Singh Yadav, Mr. P. Kakra and Ms. Rakhi Ray, Advocates, with him, for the Appellants.
Mr. C.D. Singh, Mr. Bhupendra Pratap Singh, Mr. Sunny Chaudhary, Mr. Shashank Shekhar Parihar and Ms. Sakshi Kakkar, Advocates, for the Respondent.
Head Note:
CRIMINAL LAWS
Evidence Act, 1872
Sections 3, 9 – Penal Code, 1860, Sections 302/34 – Evidence – Murder case – Large number of assailants – Identification. Held that it can be difficult for a witness to identify each assailant and attribute specific role to him. Masalti’s, Kallu alias Masih’s [JT 2006 (2) SCC 631] and Bhag Singh’s [JT 1997 (7) SC 656] cases referred and relied upon.
Evidence Act, 1872
Sections 3, 9 – Penal Code, 1860, Sections 302/34 – Evidence – Murder case – Large number of assailants – Identification. Held that it can be difficult for a witness to identify each assailant and attribute specific role to him. Masalti’s, Kallu alias Masih’s [JT 2006 (2) SCC 631] and Bhag Singh’s [JT 1997 (7) SC 656] cases referred and relied upon.
Sections 3 – Penal Code, 1860, Sections 302/34 – Evidence – Witnesses – Injured witnesses – Reliability. Held that generally, evidence of injured witness is considered very reliable. Convincing evidence is required to discredit such witness. Case law referred and discussed. Jarnail Singh’s case [JT 2009 (11) SC 682] relied upon.
Sections 3 – Penal Code, 1860, Sections 302/34 – Injured witness – Discrepancies – Evidence giving graphic description of incident – Deposition fully corroborated by other PWs. Held that trivial contradictions and omissions cannot be used to brush aside the statement. (Para 29)
Sections 3, 45 – Penal Code, 1860, Sections 302/34 – Witness – Ocular evidence and medical evidence – Inconsistency of – Credibility of ocular evidence. Principles stated with reference to case law.
Penal Code, 1860
Sections 34, 302 – Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, Sections 215, 216, 218, 221, 464 – Common intention – Absence of charge – Murder case – Initial charge under Sections 147, 148 IPC – Conviction by High Court with aid of Section 34 – Effect of failure to frame charge. Held that there is no bar in law in convicting an accused with aid of Section 34 or Section 149, if there is evidence to show that accused had common intention. Willie (William) Slaney’s case [AIR 1956 SC 116] relied upon.
Sections 34, 302 – Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, Sections 215, 216, 218, 221, 464 – Common intention – Absence of charge – Initial charge under Sections 147, 148 IPC – High Court convicting accused with aid of Section 34 – Validity and scope. Held that in view of settled legal position, High Court has rightly convicted with aid of Section 34. Case law discussed. Gopi Nath @ Jhallar’s, Krishan’s, Girija Shankar’s [JT 2004 (2) SC 140] and Virendra Singh’s [JT 2010 (8) SC 319] cases referred and relied upon.
Held:
In cases where there are a large number of assailants, it can be difficult for a witness to identify each assailant and attribute a specific role to him. (Para 22)
In the instant case, a very large number of assailants attacked Chand Khan and Shabir (deceased), caused injuries with deadly weapons to them. The incident stood concluded within few minutes. Thus, it is natural that the exact version of the incident revealing every minute detail, i.e., meticulous exactitude of individual acts cannot be given by the eye-witnesses. (Para 25)
Where a witness to the occurrence has himself been injured in the incident, the testimony of such a witness is generally considered to be very reliable, as he is a witness that comes with a built-in guarantee of his presence at the scene of the crime and is unlikely to spare his actual assailant(s) in order to falsely implicate someone. ‘Convincing evidence is required to discredit an injured witness’. (Para 26)
The law on the point can be summarised to the effect that the testimony of the injured witness is accorded a special status in law. This is as a consequence of the fact that the injury to the witness is an in-built guarantee of his presence at the scene of the crime and because the witness will not want to let his actual assailant go unpunished merely to falsely implicate a third party for the commission of the offence. Thus, the deposition of the injured witness should be relied upon unless there are strong grounds for rejection of his evidence on the basis of major contradictions and discrepancies therein. (Para 28)
In Ram Narain Singh v. State of Punjab [AIR 1975 SC 1727], this Court held that where the evidence of the witnesses for the prosecution is totally inconsistent with the medical evidence or the evidence of the ballistics expert, it amounts to a fundamental defect in the prosecution’s case and unless reasonably explained it is sufficient to discredit the entire case. (Para 30)
Where the eyewitnesses’ account is found credible and trustworthy, a medical opinion pointing to alternative possibilities can not be accepted as conclusive. The eyewitnesses’ account requires a careful independent assessment and evaluation for its credibility, which should not be adversely prejudged on the basis of any other evidence, including medical evidence, as the sole touchstone for the test of such credibility. The evidence must be tested for its inherent consistency and the inherent probability of the story; consistency with the account of other witnesses held to be creditworthy; consistency with the undisputed facts, the ‘credit’ of the witnesses; their performance in the witness box; their power of observation etc. Then the probative value of such evidence becomes eligible to be put into the scales for a cumulative evaluation. (Para 32)
The position of law in cases where there is a contradiction between medical evidence and ocular evidence can be crystallised to the effect that though the ocular testimony of a witness has greater evidentiary value vis-a-vis medical evidence, when medical evidence makes the ocular testimony improbable, that becomes a relevant factor in the process of the evaluation of evidence. However, where the medical evidence goes so far that it completely rules out all possibility of the ocular evidence being true, the ocular evidence may be disbelieved. (Para 36)
In the instant case as referred to hereinabove, a very large number of assailants attacked one person, thus the witnesses cannot be able to state as how many injuries and in what manner the same had been caused by the accused. In such a fact-situation, discrepancy in medical evidence and ocular evidence is bound to occur. However, it cannot tilt the balance in favour of the appellants. (Para 37)
In State of Andhra Pradesh v. Thakkidiram Reddy & Ors. [JT 1998 (5) SC 398], this Court considered the issue of failure to frame the proper charges. (Para 39)
The Court held that in judging a question of prejudice, as of guilt, the court must look to the substance of the matter and not to technicalities, and its main concern should be to see whether the accused had a fair trial, whether he knew what he was being tried for, whether the main facts sought to be established against him were explained to him fairly and clearly and whether he was given a full and fair chance to defend himself. In the said case this Court ultimately came to the conclusion that despite the defect in the framing of charges, as no prejudice had been caused to the accused, no interference was required. (Para 39.1.)
There is no bar in law on conviction of the accused with the aid of Section 34 IPC in place of Section 149 IPC if there is evidence on record to show that such accused shared a common intention to commit the crime and no apparent injustice or prejudice is shown to have been caused by application of Section 34 IPC in place of Section 149 IPC. The absence of a charge under one or the other or the various heads of criminal liability for the offence cannot be said to be by itself prejudicial to the accused, and before a conviction for the substantive offence without a charge can be set aside, prejudice will have to be made out. Such a legal position is bound to be held good in view of the provisions of Sections 215, 216, 218, 221 and 464 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. (Para 42)
Unless the accused is able to establish that the defect(s) in framing the charge(s) has caused real prejudice to him; that he was not informed as to what was the real case against him; or that he could not defend himself properly, no interference is required on mere technicalities. (Para 43)
The phrase ‘common intention’ implies a pre-arranged plan and acting in concert pursuant to the plan. Thus, the common intention must be there prior to the commission of the offence in point of time. The common intention to bring about a particular result may also well develop on the spot as between a number of persons, with reference to the facts of the case and circumstances existing thereto. The common intention under Section 34 IPC is to be understood in a different sense from the ‘same intention’ or ‘similar intention’ or ‘common object’. The persons having similar intention which is not the result of the pre- arranged plan cannot be held guilty of the criminal act with the aid of Section 34 IPC. (Para 45.1.)
What has to be established by the prosecution is that all the concerned persons had shared a common intention. (Para 46)
The ingredients of Section 34, i.e., that the accused had acted in furtherance of their common intention is required to be proved specifically or by inference, in the facts and circumstances of the case. (Para 46.1.)
Section 34 intends to meet a case in which it is not possible to distinguish between the criminal acts of the individual members of a party, who act in furtherance of the common intention of all the members of the party or it is not possible to prove exactly what part was played by each of them. In the absence of common intention, the criminal liability of a member of the group might differ according to the mode of the individual’s participation in the act. Common intention means that each member of the group is aware of the act to be committed. (Para 52)
Cases Reffered:
1. Virendra Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh [JT 2010 (8) SC 319] (referred & relied upon) (Para 50)
2. Balraje alias Trimbak v. State of Maharashtra [JT 2010 (6) SC 133] (Para 26)
3. State of U.P. v. Hari Chand [JT 2009 (6) SC 208] (Para 35)
4. State of U.P. v. Dinesh [JT 2009 (3) SC 106] (Para 34)
5. Vishnu & Ors. v. State of Rajasthan [JT 2009 (12) SC 395] (Para 26)
6. Jarnail Singh v. State of Punjab [JT 2009 (11) SC 682] (relied upon) (Para 27)
7. Dhaneswar Mahakud & Ors. v. State of Orissa [JT 2006 (5) SC 144] (Para 42)
8. Sanichar Sahni v. State of Bihar [JT 2009 (13) SC 192] (Para 41.1.)
9. Annareddy Sambasiva Reddy & Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh [JT 2009 (5) SC 617] (Para 26)
10. Viji & Anr. v. State of Karnataka [JT 2008 (11) SC 435] (Para 23)
11. Dinesh Kumar v. State of Rajasthan [JT 2008 (9) SC 148] (Para 26)
12. Khambam Raja Reddy & Anr. v. Public Prosecutor, High Court of A.P. [JT 2006 (12) SC 164] (Para 34)
13. Kallu alias Masih & Ors. v. State of Madhya Pradesh [JT 2006 (2) SCC 631] (referred & relied upon) (Para 23)
14. Bishna alias Bhiswadeb Mahato & Ors. v. State of West Bengal [JT 2005 (9) SC 290] (Para 46.1.)
15. Gurpreet Singh v. State of Punjab [JT 2005 (9) SC 465] (Para 41)
16. Pichai alias Pichandi & Ors. v. State of Tamil Nadu [2005 (10) SCC 505] (Para 46.1.)
17. Harbans Kaur & Anr. v. State of Haryana [JT 2005 (3) SC 233] (Para 46)
18. Girija Shankar v. State of U.P. [JT 2004 (2) SC 140] (referred & relied upon) (Para 49)
19. Hamlet alias Sasi & Ors. v. State of Kerala [JT 2003 (7) SC 351] (Para 46.1.)
20. Krishnan v. State [JT 2003 (6) SC 151] (Para 32)
21. Thaman Kumar v. State of Union Territory of Chandigarh [JT 2003 (4) SC 478] (Para 32)
22. Mohar & Anr. v. State of Uttar Pradesh [JT 2002 (7) SC 393] (Para 26)
23. Malhu Yadav & Ors. v. State of Bihar [2002 (5) SCC 724] (Para 42)
24. Ramji Singh v. State of Bihar [JT 2001 (8) SC 521] (Para 41.1.)
25. Gopi Nath @ Jhallar v. State of U.P. [JT 2001 (6) SC 130] (referred & relied upon) (Para 47)
26. State of Haryana v. Bhagirath & Ors. [JT 1999 (3) SC 602] (Para 31)
27. State of Andhra Pradesh v. Thakkidiram Reddy & Ors. [JT 1998 (5) SC 398] (Para 39)
28. Bhag Singh & Ors. v. State of Punjab [JT 1997 (7) SC 656] (referred & relied upon) (Para 24)
29. Krishnan & Anr. v. State of Kerala [JT 1996 (7) SC 613] (Para 46)
30. Bonkya alias Bharat Shivaji Mane & Ors. v. State of Maharashtra [JT 1995 (7) SC 194] (Para 26)
31. Mani Ram & Ors. v. State of U.P. [JT 1994 (4) SC 62] (Para 34)
32. Appabhai & Anr. v. State of Gujarat [JT 1988 (1) SC 249] (Para 26)
33. Solanki Chimanbhai Ukabhai v. State of Gujarat [AIR 1983 SC 484] (Para 33)
34. Machhi Singh & Ors. v. State of Punjab [AIR 1983 SC 957] (Para 26)
35. Ram Narain Singh v. State of Punjab [AIR 1975 SC 1727] (Para 30)
36. Malkhan Singh & Anr. v. State of Uttar Pradesh [AIR 1975 SC 12] (Para 26)
37. Ramlagan Singh & Ors. v. State of Bihar [AIR 1972 SC 2593] (Para 26)
38. Masalti v. State of Uttar Pradesh [AIR 1965 SC 202] (referred & relied upon) (Para 22)
39. Mohan Singh & Anr. v. State of Punjab [AIR 1963 SC 174] (Para 45.1.)
40. Willie (William) Slaney v. State of Madhya Pradesh [AIR 1956 SC 116] (relied upon) (Para 40)
41. Prabhu Babaji v. State of Bombay [AIR 1956 SC 51] (Para 51)
42. Dalip Singh & Ors. v. State of Punjab [AIR 1953 SC 364] (Para 42)
2. Balraje alias Trimbak v. State of Maharashtra [JT 2010 (6) SC 133] (Para 26)
3. State of U.P. v. Hari Chand [JT 2009 (6) SC 208] (Para 35)
4. State of U.P. v. Dinesh [JT 2009 (3) SC 106] (Para 34)
5. Vishnu & Ors. v. State of Rajasthan [JT 2009 (12) SC 395] (Para 26)
6. Jarnail Singh v. State of Punjab [JT 2009 (11) SC 682] (relied upon) (Para 27)
7. Dhaneswar Mahakud & Ors. v. State of Orissa [JT 2006 (5) SC 144] (Para 42)
8. Sanichar Sahni v. State of Bihar [JT 2009 (13) SC 192] (Para 41.1.)
9. Annareddy Sambasiva Reddy & Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh [JT 2009 (5) SC 617] (Para 26)
10. Viji & Anr. v. State of Karnataka [JT 2008 (11) SC 435] (Para 23)
11. Dinesh Kumar v. State of Rajasthan [JT 2008 (9) SC 148] (Para 26)
12. Khambam Raja Reddy & Anr. v. Public Prosecutor, High Court of A.P. [JT 2006 (12) SC 164] (Para 34)
13. Kallu alias Masih & Ors. v. State of Madhya Pradesh [JT 2006 (2) SCC 631] (referred & relied upon) (Para 23)
14. Bishna alias Bhiswadeb Mahato & Ors. v. State of West Bengal [JT 2005 (9) SC 290] (Para 46.1.)
15. Gurpreet Singh v. State of Punjab [JT 2005 (9) SC 465] (Para 41)
16. Pichai alias Pichandi & Ors. v. State of Tamil Nadu [2005 (10) SCC 505] (Para 46.1.)
17. Harbans Kaur & Anr. v. State of Haryana [JT 2005 (3) SC 233] (Para 46)
18. Girija Shankar v. State of U.P. [JT 2004 (2) SC 140] (referred & relied upon) (Para 49)
19. Hamlet alias Sasi & Ors. v. State of Kerala [JT 2003 (7) SC 351] (Para 46.1.)
20. Krishnan v. State [JT 2003 (6) SC 151] (Para 32)
21. Thaman Kumar v. State of Union Territory of Chandigarh [JT 2003 (4) SC 478] (Para 32)
22. Mohar & Anr. v. State of Uttar Pradesh [JT 2002 (7) SC 393] (Para 26)
23. Malhu Yadav & Ors. v. State of Bihar [2002 (5) SCC 724] (Para 42)
24. Ramji Singh v. State of Bihar [JT 2001 (8) SC 521] (Para 41.1.)
25. Gopi Nath @ Jhallar v. State of U.P. [JT 2001 (6) SC 130] (referred & relied upon) (Para 47)
26. State of Haryana v. Bhagirath & Ors. [JT 1999 (3) SC 602] (Para 31)
27. State of Andhra Pradesh v. Thakkidiram Reddy & Ors. [JT 1998 (5) SC 398] (Para 39)
28. Bhag Singh & Ors. v. State of Punjab [JT 1997 (7) SC 656] (referred & relied upon) (Para 24)
29. Krishnan & Anr. v. State of Kerala [JT 1996 (7) SC 613] (Para 46)
30. Bonkya alias Bharat Shivaji Mane & Ors. v. State of Maharashtra [JT 1995 (7) SC 194] (Para 26)
31. Mani Ram & Ors. v. State of U.P. [JT 1994 (4) SC 62] (Para 34)
32. Appabhai & Anr. v. State of Gujarat [JT 1988 (1) SC 249] (Para 26)
33. Solanki Chimanbhai Ukabhai v. State of Gujarat [AIR 1983 SC 484] (Para 33)
34. Machhi Singh & Ors. v. State of Punjab [AIR 1983 SC 957] (Para 26)
35. Ram Narain Singh v. State of Punjab [AIR 1975 SC 1727] (Para 30)
36. Malkhan Singh & Anr. v. State of Uttar Pradesh [AIR 1975 SC 12] (Para 26)
37. Ramlagan Singh & Ors. v. State of Bihar [AIR 1972 SC 2593] (Para 26)
38. Masalti v. State of Uttar Pradesh [AIR 1965 SC 202] (referred & relied upon) (Para 22)
39. Mohan Singh & Anr. v. State of Punjab [AIR 1963 SC 174] (Para 45.1.)
40. Willie (William) Slaney v. State of Madhya Pradesh [AIR 1956 SC 116] (relied upon) (Para 40)
41. Prabhu Babaji v. State of Bombay [AIR 1956 SC 51] (Para 51)
42. Dalip Singh & Ors. v. State of Punjab [AIR 1953 SC 364] (Para 42)
JUDGEMENT:
Dr. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.
1. All the aforesaid appeals have been filed against the common judgment and order dated 12.1.2006, of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh at Jabalpur in Criminal Appeal Nos.1191 of 1998; 1210 of 1998; and 281 of 2001 by which the appellants have been convicted under Sections 302/34 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (hereinafter called IPC) for committing the murders of Chand Khan and Shabir Khan, while setting aside their conviction under Sections 147 and 148 IPC awarded by the Trial Court.
2. Facts and circumstances giving rise to these appeals are that on 16.8.1994 at about 7.50 p.m., F.I.R. No.1/1994 under Sections 302, 147, 148, 149 and 307 IPC was lodged at Police Station Mandai Chowk Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh, according to which 17 accused including 5 appellants armed with deadly weapons came from the mosque way; stopped Chand Khan and started beating him with weapons with an intention to kill him. After hearing the hue and cry made by Chand Khan, his wife Zaira Banu, sons Shabir (deceased), Anees (PW.1), and Ashfaq (PW.2), and brother Usman Ali (PW.4) came running to the place of occurrence and after seeing the incident, they were so scared that they could not muster the courage to intervene immediately. After some time Zaira Banu, Shabir and Ashfaq tried to rescue Chand Khan. Shabir was also assaulted, he was seriously injured and died on the spot. Ashfaq (PW.2), and his mother Zaira Banu also got injuries on their persons at the hands of the accused.
3. The Investigating Officer sent the dead bodies for post-mortems which were conducted by Dr. R.P. Sharma (PW.3). In his opinion, the cause of death of both Chand Khan and Shabir was excessive hemorrhage resulting in injuries to brain and lungs. Ashfaq (PW.2) was also examined medically. After completing the investigation, out of the seventeen accused, fourteen were put to trial for offences under Sections 148, 302 and 323, in the alternative 302/149, 324/149 and 323/149 IPC. One Nanhe Khan @ Abdul Wahid died before commencement of trial. One accused namely, Rais S/o Mumtaz is still absconding. While Iqbal @ Bhura, appellant, had also absconded, but afterwards he surrendered and was tried separately. The appellants and the other accused denied the charges and pleaded that they were falsely implicated and claimed trial. The prosecution examined 12 witnesses including Anees (PW.1), Ashfaq (PW.2) and Usman Ali (PW.4), as eye-witnesses. The other relevant witnesses were Dr. R.P. Sharma (PW.3) who conducted the post-mortems on the bodies of the deceased, Ramesh Kumar Dubey (PW.7) and Rajmal Sharma (PW.8) who had investigated the case. The appellants examined 4 witnesses in defence.
4. After conclusion of the trial, the Special Additional Sessions Judge, Shajapur, convicted Abdul Sayeed (A.11), Mumtaz Khan (A.9), Rafiq (A.6) and Rais (A.5) under Section 148 IPC and awarded a sentence of 3 years’ imprisonment to each; Mumtaz (A.9) was sentenced to 2 years’ imprisonment under Section 147; Mumtaz (A.9) and Abdul Sayeed (A.11) were sentenced to Rigorous Imprisonment for life and fine of Rs.2000/- under Section 302 IPC for committing murder of Chand Khan; Rais @ Toun (A.5) and Rafiq (A.6) were sentenced to Rigorous Imprisonment for life and fine of Rs.1000/- under Section 302 IPC for committing murder of Shabir; Sayeed (A.7) was convicted under Section 324 IPC and given 2 years Rigorous Imprisonment for causing injuries to Ashfaq (PW.2); Hanif Khan (A.1), was convicted under Sections 304 Part-II, 323 and 147 IPC for causing injuries to Shabir. Iqbal alias Bhura, appellant also got convicted in separate Sessions Trial No.190/94 vide judgment and order dated 11.1.2001, under Sections 148 and 302 IPC and was awarded Rigorous Imprisonment of 3 years and life imprisonment respectively along with certain fines.
5. All the said convicts filed Criminal Appeal Nos.1191/98; 1210/98; 1233/98; and 281/2001 before the High Court of Madhya Pradesh. The State of Madhya Pradesh also filed Criminal Appeal No.1447/98 against the acquittal of some of the accused for offences under Sections 302/149, 324/149 and 323/149 IPC. As all the appeals related to the same incident, the High Court disposed of all the appeals by the common judgment and order dated 12.1.2006 wherein the appellants had been convicted as mentioned hereinabove, i.e., under Sections 302/34 IPC setting aside their conviction under Sections 147/148 IPC. The High Court allowed Criminal Appeal No.1191/98 with regard to the other co-accused, Hanif Khan, Bashir Khan, Sayeed and Aslam. The appeal filed by the State of Madhya Pradesh was partly allowed. Hence, these appeals.
6. All these appeals have arisen from the same incident and have been filed against the common judgment of the High Court and thus, are being heard together.
7. Shri Fakhruddin, learned Senior counsel, Shri Ranbir Singh Yadav and Ms. Rakhi Ray, learned counsel appearing for the appellants, have submitted that in case the High Court had set aside the conviction of all the appellants and other co-accused under Sections 147/148 IPC, question of convicting them with the aid of Section 34 IPC did not arise, even otherwise no charge under Section 34 IPC was framed by the Trial Court; nor any evidence had been led to show that offences had been committed by the appellants in furtherance of a common intention. Essential ingredients of Section 34 IPC, i.e., that a common intention was shared, has not been established by the prosecution. More so, the weapons allegedly used for committing the offences by the appellants do not tally with the ocular evidence of the eye-witnesses. Therefore, injuries caused to the deceased and other injured persons cannot be attributed to the appellants. Conviction under Sections 302/34 IPC is unwarranted and thus, the appeals deserve to be allowed.
8. On the other hand, Shri C.D. Singh, learned counsel appearing for the State, has vehemently opposed the appeals contending that not framing the charge under Section 34 IPC is not fatal to the prosecution and the High Court has rightly convicted the appellants under Sections 302/34 IPC. Seventeen persons came to the spot armed with deadly weapons with a common intention to kill Chand Khan. They surrounded Chand Khan and started causing injuries to him. In such a fact-situation the eye-witnesses may not describe exactly what role had been played by an individual assailant. If there are small omissions in the depositions of the eye-witnesses, the same require to be ignored. The injured witnesses have to be relied upon and even in case there is some conflict between the ocular evidence and medical evidence, the ocular evidence has to be preferred. Therefore, the appeals lack merit and are liable to be dismissed.
9. We have considered the rival submissions made by the learned counsel for the parties and perused the record.
10. As mentioned hereinabove, 17 persons had allegedly participated in the crime. As per the prosecution, on the date of occurrence, i.e., 16.8.1994 at about 11 A.M., one Kamla Bai, daughter of Dev Karan, neighbour of informant Anees (PW.1) was molested by Munim Khan and Mumtaz Khan (accused/appellant) in the fields of Faqir. Smt. Gora Bai, mother of Kamla Bai, complained to Chand Khan with regard to the said incident. Chand Khan (since deceased), went to advise the uncle of Munim Khan and Pappu alias Chote Khan in this regard and scolded them. He also gave one slap to one of the accused. The appellants and other co-accused did not like the conduct of Chand Khan and in the evening the appellants and the co-accused committed the offence mentioned hereinabove. In fact, this had been the motive for commission of the offence.
11. Out of the seventeen accused, ten stood acquitted by the courts below. One of them is still absconding. One had died prior to the commencement of the trial. Only five accused/appellants have been convicted by the High Court. Therefore, we are concerned only with the cases of these appellants. Making reference to any of the other co-accused at this stage would not serve any purpose.
12. As per the Autopsy Report (Ex.P/7-A), prepared by Dr. R.P. Sharma (PW.3) in respect of Chand Khan, the following external injuries were noticed:
1. Incised wound on head at occipital region, 1.5 cm x 1 x bone deep with fracture.
2. Incised wound on right parietal region 2.5 cm x x bone deep fracture of right parietal bone, clotted blood on cerebral membrane.
3. Incised wound on left leg 10 cm x 2 cm upto bony region of Tibia.
4. Stab wound on left side of chest between 3rd and 4th rib deep upto lung 1.5 cm x cm x deep upto left lung puncture.
5. Incised wound on left arm of posterior surface 5 cm x 2 cm x cm.
6. Lacerated wound over the left eye 1 cm x cm x cm.
12.1. In the opinion of the doctor grievous injures to vital organs i.e. head and lungs caused excessive haemorrhage which resulted in death.
13. Dr. R.P. Sharma (PW.3) also performed Autopsy on the body of Shabir Khan and gave Post-Mortem Report Ex.P/8-A. In this report he duly noted the external injuries as under:
1. Incised wound on head at right frontal level to right ear underneath frontal bone fracture.
2. Incised wound over the left parietal region 4, ‘ x bone deep .
3. One lacerated wound over the occipital region ‘ x ‘ x ‘.
4. Stab injury on the right side chest 1′ x ‘ x ‘.
5. Stab injury on the right side chest 1′ x ‘ x deep upto lung.
6. Incised wound on left shoulder 2, ‘ x ‘ x ‘.
7. Incised wound on right arm ‘ x ‘ x ‘.
8. Incised wound on right arm 1′ x ‘ x ‘.
13.1. The Autopsy Surgeon opined that on account of grievous injury to vital parts i.e. head and chest caused excessive haemorrhage which resulted in coma and death. Cause of death was Syncope.
14. Dr. M.K. Vashistha (PW.5) the Medical Specialist at Biaora, examined Ashfaq (PW.2) and prepared the report (Ex.P.10), according to which, he had sustained four injuries as under:
1. Incised wound 1 x 1/6 x 1/6 cm right side of the neck.
2. One bruise red 3 x 1 cm on the left arm.
3. Patient had complained of pain in the left leg but there was no external injury.
4. Abrasion on hip size x cm. The injuries were simple.
15. So far as Abdul Sayeed (A.11) is concerned, as per the prosecution he had a knife of 8′ and assaulted Chand Khan. It is evident from the evidence of Anees (PW.1), Ashfaq (PW.2) and Usman Ali (PW.4) that Chand Khan received cut injuries and stab wounds as found by Dr. R.P. Sharma (PW.3). As per the medical report, his left lung was found punctured due to a stab wound. The knife used in the crime was recovered by the Investigating Officer at the instance of the said appellant. He has also caused injury to Ashfaq (PW.2), an eye-witness. In view of the above, the trial Court as well as the High Court reached the conclusion that he was one of the accused persons responsible for the death of Chand Khan.
16. So far as Rais alias Toun (A.5) is concerned, as per the evidence of Anees (PW.1), Ashfaq (PW.2) and Usman Ali (PW.4) when Shabir (since deceased), came to save his father Chand Khan, Rais Khan (A.5) attacked Shabir with sword. Dr. R.P. Sharma (PW.3) who examined Shabir deposed that the injuries suffered by Shabir were the result of the use of the weapon assigned to Rais alias Toun as well as other co-accused. Rais alias Toun had the sword which resulted these wounds. The trial Court as well as the High Court have found Rais responsible for killing Shabir.
17. So far as Rafiq (A.6) is concerned, as per the evidence of Anees (PW.1), Ashfaq (PW.2) and Usman Ali (PW.4), Rafiq used a Gupti for committing the crime. Injuries caused with the Gupti were found by Dr. R.P. Sharma (PW.3) on the body of Shabir. The Gupti used by Rafiq was 18′ in length and 1-1/2′ in thickness and it was sharp like a knife. The trial Court as well as the High Court recorded the specific finding that the wound found on the body of Shabir was by plying Gupti and this was done by appellant Rafiq on Shabir (deceased).
18. So far as Mumtaz Khan (A.9) is concerned, as per the evidence of all the three eye-witnesses, he was holding a Farsi and had beaten Chand Khan. There was a cut wound on the head of Chand Khan due to which the bone of the occipital region cracked and Dr. R.P. Sharma (PW.3) deposed that he had found the skull wound which resulted in cracking of the skull. The trial Court as well as the High Court, after appreciating the entire evidence on record came to the conclusion that Mumtaz Khan took an active part in beating Chand Khan, due to which he died spontaneously.
19. So far as Iqbal alias Bhura is concerned, as per the evidence of Anees (PW.1), Ashfaq (PW.2) and Usman Ali (PW.4), he had a sword and assaulted Shabir and the injury caused by him has been duly supported by the medical evidence. The trial Court convicted him vide judgment and order dated 11.1.2001 in a separate trial. The trial Court and the High Court found him guilty for committing murder of Shabir.
20. Ashfaq (PW.2) has stated that all the accused surrounded his father and attacked him with their weapons from all sides. He has named Rais alias Toun, Mumtaz Khan, Abdul Sayeed and Iqbal alias Bhura. It is also evident from his deposition that while running away from the place of occurrence they mocked him and said: ‘however many of you come, we will see the end of you.’ This shows that there was a common intention. Ashfaq has also explained how he had been injured. Anees (PW.1) has also deposed regarding the participation of all the five appellants and has explained what weapons they were carrying and how they had caused injuries to his father and brother. He has deposed that Chand Khan was killed by Abdul Sayeed and Mumtaz Khan and Shabir by Iqbal alias Bhura, Rais alias Toun and Rafiq. Usman Ali (PW.4), has named all the appellants along with the other co-accused who have been acquitted by the Courts below and has given full details of the incident. He also deposed that while causing the injuries, the culprits were shouting ‘kill them kill them’. He denied the suggestion that the appellants had not caused injury to Shabir and also denied the suggestion that Iqbal was not present there at the time of incident. He also denied the suggestion that Mumtaz Khan and Abdul Sayeed did not cause any injury to Chand Khan with Farsi and knife respectively.
21. It has strenuously been argued on behalf of the appellants that the injuries found on the person of victims could not be caused with the weapons alleged to have been with the appellants and the same cannot be in consonance with the ocular evidence of Anees (PW.1), Ashfaq (PW.2) and Usman Ali (PW.4). Thus, appellants are entitled for the benefit of doubt as there is clear cut contradiction between the ocular and medical evidence.
Identification in a Crowd of Assailants:
22. In cases where there are a large number of assailants, it can be difficult for a witness to identify each assailant and attribute a specific role to him. In Masalti v. State of Uttar Pradesh [AIR 1965 SC 202], this Court held as under:
‘Where a crowd of assailants who are members of an unlawful assembly proceeds to commit an offence of murder in pursuance of the common object of the unlawful assembly, it is often not possible for witnesses to describe accurately the part played by each one of the assailants. Besides, if a large crowd of persons armed with weapons assaults the intended victims, it may not be necessary that all of them have to take part in the actual assault. In the present case, for instance, several weapons were carried by different members of the unlawful assembly, but it appears that the guns were used and that was enough to kill 5 persons. In such a case, it would be unreasonable to contend that because the other weapons carried by the members of the unlawful assembly were not used, the story in regard to the said weapons itself should be rejected. Appreciation of evidence in such complex case is no doubt a difficult task; but criminal courts have to do their best in dealing with such cases and it is their duty to sift the evidence carefully and decide which part of it is true and which is not.’
[Emphasis added]
23. A similar view was taken by this Court in Kallu alias Masih & Ors. v. State of Madhya Pradesh [JT 2006 (2) SCC 631 : 2006 (10) SCC 313]; and Viji & Anr. v. State of Karnataka [JT 2008 (11) SC 435 : 2008 (15) SCC 786] observing that in such a case it is not possible that all the witnesses may specifically refer to the acts of each assailants.
24. In Bhag Singh & Ors. v. State of Punjab [JT 1997 (7) SC 656 : 1997 (7) SCC 712], while dealing with a similar contention, this Court observed:
‘It is a general handicap attached to all eyewitnesses, if they fail to speak with precision their evidence would be assailed as vague and evasive, on the contrary if they speak to all the events very well and correctly their evidence becomes vulnerable to be attacked as tutored. Both approaches are dogmatic and fraught with lack of pragmatism. The testimony of a witness should be viewed from broad angles. It should not be weighed in golden scales, but with cogent standards. In a particular case an eyewitness may be able to narrate the incident with all details without mistake if the occurrence had made an imprint on the canvas of his mind in the sequence in which it occurred. He may be a person whose capacity for absorption and retention of events is stronger than another person. It should be remembered that what he witnessed was not something that happens usually but a very exceptional one so far as he is concerned. If he reproduces it in the same sequence as it registered in his mind the testimony cannot be dubbed as artificial on that score alone.’
25. In the instant case, a very large number of assailants attacked Chand Khan and Shabir (deceased), caused injuries with deadly weapons to them. The incident stood concluded within few minutes. Thus, it is natural that the exact version of the incident revealing every minute detail, i.e., meticulous exactitude of individual acts cannot be given by the eye-witnesses.
Injured Witness
26. The question of the weight to be attached to the evidence of a witness that was himself injured in the course of the occurrence has been extensively discussed by this Court. Where a witness to the occurrence has himself been injured in the incident, the testimony of such a witness is generally considered to be very reliable, as he is a witness that comes with a built-in guarantee of his presence at the scene of the crime and is unlikely to spare his actual assailant(s) in order to falsely implicate someone. ‘Convincing evidence is required to discredit an injured witness’. (Vide Ramlagan Singh & Ors. v. State of Bihar [AIR 1972 SC 2593]; Malkhan Singh & Anr. v. State of Uttar Pradesh [AIR 1975 SC 12]; Machhi Singh & Ors. v. State of Punjab [AIR 1983 SC 957]; Appabhai & Anr. v. State of Gujarat [JT 1988 (1) SC 249 : AIR 1988 SC 696]; Bonkya alias Bharat Shivaji Mane & Ors. v. State of Maharashtra [JT 1995 (7) SC 194 : 1995 (6) SCC 447]; Bhag Singh & Ors. (supra); Mohar & Anr. v. State of Uttar Pradesh [JT 2002 (7) SC 393 : 2002 (7) SCC 606]; Dinesh Kumar v. State of Rajasthan [JT 2008 (9) SC 148 : 2008 (8) SCC 270]; Vishnu & Ors. v. State of Rajasthan [JT 2009 (12) SC 395 : 2009 (10) SCC 477]; Annareddy Sambasiva Reddy & Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh [JT 2009 (5) SC 617]; Balraje alias Trimbak v. State of Maharashtra [JT 2010 (6) SC 133 : 2010 (6) SCC 673]).
27. While deciding this issue, a similar view was taken in, Jarnail Singh v. State of Punjab [JT 2009 (11) SC 682 : 2009 (9) SCC 719], where this Court reiterated the special evidentiary status accorded to the testimony of an injured accused and relying on its earlier judgments held as under:
‘Darshan Singh (PW 4) was an injured witness. He had been examined by the doctor. His testimony could not be brushed aside lightly. He had given full details of the incident as he was present at the time when the assailants reached the tubewell. In Shivalingappa Kallayanappa v. State of Karnataka [JT 1994 (5) SC 444], this Court has held that the deposition of the injured witness should be relied upon unless there are strong grounds for rejection of his evidence on the basis of major contradictions and discrepancies, for the reason that his presence on the scene stands established in case it is proved that he suffered the injury during the said incident.
In State of U.P. v. Kishan Chand [JT 2004 (6) SC 535], a similar view has been reiterated observing that the testimony of a stamped witness has its own relevance and efficacy. The fact that the witness sustained injuries at the time and place of occurrence, lends support to his testimony that he was present during the occurrence. In case the injured witness is subjected to lengthy cross-examination and nothing can be elicited to discard his testimony, it should be relied upon (vide Krishan v. State of Haryana [2006 (12) SCC 459]). Thus, we are of the considered opinion that evidence of Darshan Singh (PW 4) has rightly been relied upon by the courts below.’
28. The law on the point can be summarised to the effect that the testimony of the injured witness is accorded a special status in law. This is as a consequence of the fact that the injury to the witness is an in-built guarantee of his presence at the scene of the crime and because the witness will not want to let his actual assailant go unpunished merely to falsely implicate a third party for the commission of the offence. Thus, the deposition of the injured witness should be relied upon unless there are strong grounds for rejection of his evidence on the basis of major contradictions and discrepancies therein.
29. Ashfaq (PW.2) had given graphic description of the entire incident. His presence on the spot cannot be doubted as he was injured in the incident. His deposition must be given due weightage. His deposition also stood fully corroborated by the evidence of Anees (PW.1) and Usmal Ali (PW.4). The depositions so made cannot be brushed aside merely because there have been some trivial contradictions or omissions.
Medical Evidence versus Ocular Evidence
30. In Ram Narain Singh v. State of Punjab [AIR 1975 SC 1727], this Court held that where the evidence of the witnesses for the prosecution is totally inconsistent with the medical evidence or the evidence of the ballistics expert, it amounts to a fundamental defect in the prosecution’s case and unless reasonably explained it is sufficient to discredit the entire case.
31. In State of Haryana v. Bhagirath & Ors. [JT 1999 (3) SC 602 : 1999 (5) SCC 96], it was held as follows:
‘The opinion given by a medical witness need not be the last word on the subject. Such an opinion shall be tested by the court. If the opinion is bereft of logic or objectivity, the court is not obliged to go by that opinion. After all opinion is what is formed in the mind of a person regarding a fact situation. If one doctor forms one opinion and another doctor forms a different opinion on the same facts it is open to the Judge to adopt the view which is more objective or probable. Similarly if the opinion given by one doctor is not consistent with probability the court has no liability to go by that opinion merely because it is said by the doctor. Of course, due weight must be given to opinions given by persons who are experts in the particular subject.’
[Emphasis added]
32. Drawing on Bhagirath’s case (supra.), this Court has held that where the medical evidence is at variance with ocular evidence, it has to be noted that it would be erroneous to accord undue primacy to the hypothetical answers of medical witnesses to exclude the eyewitnesses’ account which had to be tested independently and not treated as the ‘variable’ keeping the medical evidence as the ‘constant’. Where the eyewitnesses’ account is found credible and trustworthy, a medical opinion pointing to alternative possibilities can not be accepted as conclusive. The eyewitnesses’ account requires a careful independent assessment and evaluation for its credibility, which should not be adversely prejudged on the basis of any other evidence, including medical evidence, as the sole touchstone for the test of such credibility. The evidence must be tested for its inherent consistency and the inherent probability of the story; consistency with the account of other witnesses held to be creditworthy; consistency with the undisputed facts, the ‘credit’ of the witnesses; their performance in the witness box; their power of observation etc. Then the probative value of such evidence becomes eligible to be put into the scales for a cumulative evaluation. (Vide Thaman Kumar v. State of Union Territory of Chandigarh [JT 2003 (4) SC 478 : 2003 (6) SCC 380]; and Krishnan v. State [JT 2003 (6) SC 151 : 2003 (7) SCC 56]).
33. In Solanki Chimanbhai Ukabhai v. State of Gujarat [AIR 1983 SC 484], this Court observed,
‘Ordinarily, the value of medical evidence is only corroborative. It proves that the injuries could have been caused in the manner alleged and nothing more. The use which the defence can make of the medical evidence is to prove that the injuries could not possibly have been caused in the manner alleged and thereby discredit the eye-witnesses. Unless, however the medical evidence in its turn goes so far that it completely rules out all possibilities whatsoever of injuries taking place in the manner alleged by eyewitnesses, the testimony of the eye-witnesses cannot be thrown out on the ground of alleged inconsistency between it and the medical evidence.’ [Emphasis added]
34. A similar view has been taken in Mani Ram & Ors. v. State of U.P. [JT 1994 (4) SC 62 : 1994 (Suppl. 2) SCC 289]; Khambam Raja Reddy & Anr. v. Public Prosecutor, High Court of A.P. [JT 2006 (12) SC 164 : 2006 (11) SCC 239]; and State of U.P. v. Dinesh [JT 2009 (3) SC 106 : 2009 (11) SCC 566].
35. In State of U.P. v. Hari Chand [JT 2009 (6) SC 208 : 2009 (13) SCC 542], this Court reiterated the aforementioned position of law and stated that,
‘In any event unless the oral evidence is totally irreconcilable with the medical evidence, it has primacy.’
36. Thus, the position of law in cases where there is a contradiction between medical evidence and ocular evidence can be crystallised to the effect that though the ocular testimony of a witness has greater evidentiary value vis–vis medical evidence, when medical evidence makes the ocular testimony improbable, that becomes a relevant factor in the process of the evaluation of evidence. However, where the medical evidence goes so far that it completely rules out all possibility of the ocular evidence being true, the ocular evidence may be disbelieved.
37. In the instant case as referred to hereinabove, a very large number of assailants attacked one person, thus the witnesses cannot be able to state as how many injuries and in what manner the same had been caused by the accused. In such a fact-situation, discrepancy in medical evidence and ocular evidence is bound to occur. However, it cannot tilt the balance in favour of the appellants.
38. It has been canvassed on behalf of the appellants that there was no charge framed under Section 34 IPC by the trial Court and appellants and other co-accused have been charged under Section 147/148 IPC. All of them have been acquitted for the said charges. Thus, it was not permissible for the High Court to convict the appellants with the aid of Section 34 IPC. Non-framing of charge is fatal to the prosecution. Thus, the appellants are entitled for acquittal on this ground alone.
Effect of Failure to frame proper charges
39. In State of Andhra Pradesh v. Thakkidiram Reddy & Ors. [JT 1998 (5) SC 398], this Court considered the issue of failure to frame the proper charges. observing as under:
’10. Sub-section (1) of Section 464 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 (`the Code’, for short) expressly provides that no finding, sentence or order by a court of competent jurisdiction shall be deemed invalid merely on the ground that no charge was framed or on the ground of any error, omission or irregularity in the charge including any misjoinder of charges, unless in the opinion of the court of appeal, confirmation or revision, a failure of justice has in fact been occasioned thereby. Sub-section (2) of the said section lays down the procedure that the court of appeal, confirmation or revision has to follow in case it is of the opinion that a failure of justice has in fact been occasioned. The other section relevant for our purposes is Section 465 of the Code; and it lays down that no finding, sentence or order passed by a court of competent jurisdiction shall be reversed or altered by a court of appeal, confirmation or revision on account of any error, omission or irregularity in the proceedings, unless in the opinion of that court, a failure of justice has in fact been occasioned. It further provides, inter alia, that in determining whether any error, omission or irregularity in any proceeding under this Code has occasioned a failure of justice, the Court shall have regard to the fact whether the objection could and should have been raised at an earlier stage in the proceedings.’
39.1. The Court further held that in judging a question of prejudice, as of guilt, the court must look to the substance of the matter and not to technicalities, and its main concern should be to see whether the accused had a fair trial, whether he knew what he was being tried for, whether the main facts sought to be established against him were explained to him fairly and clearly and whether he was given a full and fair chance to defend himself. In the said case this Court ultimately came to the conclusion that despite the defect in the framing of charges, as no prejudice had been caused to the accused, no interference was required.
40. A Constitution Bench of this Court in Willie (William) Slaney v. State of Madhya Pradesh [AIR 1956 SC 116], considered the issue of failure to frame charges properly and the conviction of an accused for the offences for which he has not been charged and reached the conclusion as under:
’86. … In such a situation, the absence of a charge under one or other of the various heads of criminal liability for the offence cannot be said to be fatal by itself, and before a conviction for the substantive offence, without a charge, can be set aside, prejudice will have to be made out. ….
87. … If it is so grave that prejudice will necessarily be implied or imported, it may be described as an illegality. If the seriousness of the omission is of a lesser degree, it will be an irregularity and prejudice by way of failure of justice will have to be established.’
41. This Court in Gurpreet Singh v. State of Punjab [JT 2005 (9) SC 465 : 2005 (12) SCC 615], referred to and relied upon its earlier judgments in Willie (William) Slaney (supra) and Thakkidiram Reddy (supra), and held that unless there is a failure of justice and thereby the cause of the accused has been prejudiced, no interference is required if the conviction can be upheld on the evidence led against the accused. The Court should not interfere unless it is established that the accused was in any way prejudiced due to the errors and omissions in framing the charges against him.
41.1. A similar view has been reiterated by this Court in Ramji Singh v. State of Bihar [JT 2001 (8) SC 521 : 2001 (9) SCC 528]; and Sanichar Sahni v. State of Bihar [JT 2009 (13) SC 192 : 2009 (7) SCC 198].
42. There is no bar in law on conviction of the accused with the aid of Section 34 IPC in place of Section 149 IPC if there is evidence on record to show that such accused shared a common intention to commit the crime and no apparent injustice or prejudice is shown to have been caused by application of Section 34 IPC in place of Section 149 IPC. The absence of a charge under one or the other or the various heads of criminal liability for the offence cannot be said to be by itself prejudicial to the accused, and before a conviction for the substantive offence without a charge can be set aside, prejudice will have to be made out. Such a legal position is bound to be held good in view of the provisions of Sections 215, 216, 218, 221 and 464 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. (Vide: Dalip Singh & Ors. v. State of Punjab [AIR 1953 SC 364]; Malhu Yadav & Ors. v. State of Bihar [2002 (5) SCC 724]; Dhaneswar Mahakud & Ors. v. State of Orissa [JT 2006 (5) SC 144 : 2009 (9) SCC 307]; and Annareddy Sambasiva Reddy & Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh (supra).
43. Thus, the law on the issue can be summarised to the effect that unless the accused is able to
establish that the defect(s) in framing the charge(s) has caused real prejudice to him; that he was not informed as to what was the real case against him; or that he could not defend himself properly, no interference is required on mere technicalities.
44. If the instant case is examined in the light of the aforesaid settled legal propositions we do not find any force in the submissions made on behalf of the appellants.
Section 34 IPC
45. The aforesaid conclusion takes us to the issue raised by the appellants as to whether appellants could be convicted with the aid of Section 34 IPC.
45.1. Section 34 IPC carves out an exception from general law that a person is responsible for his own act, as it provides that a person can also be held vicariously responsible for the act of others if he has the ‘common intention’ to commit the offence. The phrase ‘common intention’ implies a pre-arranged plan and acting in concert pursuant to the plan. Thus, the common intention must be there prior to the commission of the offence in point of time. The common intention to bring about a particular result may also well develop on the spot as between a number of persons, with reference to the facts of the case and circumstances existing thereto. The common intention under Section 34 IPC is to be understood in a different sense from the ‘same intention’ or ‘similar intention’ or ‘common object’. The persons having similar intention which is not the result of the pre- arranged plan cannot be held guilty of the criminal act with the aid of Section 34 IPC. (See Mohan Singh & Anr. v. State of Punjab [AIR 1963 SC 174]).
46. The establishment of an overt act is not a requirement of law to allow Section 34 to operate inasmuch this Section gets attracted when a criminal act is done by several persons in furtherance of the common intention of all. What has, therefore, to be established by the prosecution is that all the concerned persons had shared a common intention. (vide : Krishnan & Anr. v. State of Kerala [JT 1996 (7) SC 613 : 1996 (10) SCC 508]; and Harbans Kaur & Anr. v. State of Haryana [JT 2005 (3) SC 233 : 2005 (9) SCC 195]).
46.1. Undoubtedly, the ingredients of Section 34, i.e., that the accused had acted in furtherance of their common intention is required to be proved specifically or by inference, in the facts and circumstances of the case. (Vide: Hamlet alias Sasi & Ors. v. State of Kerala [JT 2003 (7) SC 351 : 2003 (10) SCC 108]; Pichai alias Pichandi & Ors. v. State of Tamil Nadu [2005 (10) SCC 505]; and Bishna alias Bhiswadeb Mahato & Ors. v. State of West Bengal [JT 2005 (9) SC 290 : 2005 (12) SCC 657]).
47. In Gopi Nath @ Jhallar v. State of U.P. [JT 2001 (6) SC 130], this court observed as under:
‘8…..Even the doing of separate, similar or diverse acts by several persons, so long as they are done in furtherance of a common intention, render each of such persons liable for the result of them all, as if he had done them himself, for the whole of the criminal action — be it that it was not overt or was only a covert act or merely an omission constituting an illegal omission. The section, therefore, has been held to be attracted even where the acts committed by the different confederates are different when it is established in one way or the other that all of them participated and engaged themselves in furtherance of the common intention which might be of a pre-concerted or pre-arranged plan or one manifested or developed at the spur of the moment in the course of the commission of the offence. The common intention or the intention of the individual concerned in furtherance of the common intention could be proved either from direct evidence or by inference from the acts or attending circumstances of the case and conduct of the parties. The ultimate decision, at any rate, would invariably depend upon the inferences deducible from the circumstances of each case.’
48. In Krishnan and Anr. v. State represented by Inspector of Police (supra), this court observed that applicability of Section 34 is dependent on the facts and circumstances of each case. No hard and fast rule can be made out regarding applicability or non-applicability of Section 34.
49. In Girija Shankar v. State of U.P. [JT 2004 (2) SC 140 : 2004 (3) SCC 793], it is observed that Section 34 has been enacted to elucidate the principle of joint liability of a criminal act:
‘Section 34 has been enacted on the principle of joint liability in the doing of a criminal act. The section is only a rule of evidence and does not create a substantive offence. The distinctive feature of the section is the element of participation in action. The liability of one person for an offence committed by another in the course of criminal act perpetrated by several persons arises under Section 34 if such criminal act is done in furtherance of a common intention of the persons who join in committing the crime. Direct proof of common intention is seldom available and, therefore, such intention can only be inferred from the circumstances appearing from the proved facts of the case and the proved circumstances.’ (Emphasis added)
50. In Virendra Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh [JT 2010 (8) SC 319], this Court observed that:
‘Section 34 IPC does not create any distinct offence, but it lays down the principle of constructive liability. Section 34 IPC stipulates that the act must have been done in furtherance of the common intention. In order to incur joint liability for an offence there must be a pre-arranged and pre-meditated concert between the accused persons for doing the act actually done, though there might not be long interval between the act and the pre-meditation and though the plan may be formed suddenly. In order that section 34 IPC may apply, it is not necessary that the prosecution must prove that the act was done by a particular or a specified person. In fact, the section is intended to cover a case where a number of persons act together and on the facts of the case it is not possible for the prosecution to prove as to which of the persons who acted together actually committed the crime. Little or no distinction exists between a charge for an offence under a particular section and a charge under that section read with Section 34.’
51. Section 34 can be invoked even in those cases where some of the co-accused may be acquitted provided, it can be proved either by direct evidence or inference that the accused and the others have committed an offence in pursuance of the common intention of the group. (vide: Prabhu Babaji v. State of Bombay [AIR 1956 SC 51]).
52. Section 34 intends to meet a case in which it is not possible to distinguish between the criminal acts of the individual members of a party, who act in furtherance of the common intention of all the members of the party or it is not possible to prove exactly what part was played by each of them. In the absence of common intention, the criminal liability of a member of the group might differ according to the mode of the individual’s participation in the act. Common intention means that each member of the group is aware of the act to be committed.
53. In view of the aforesaid discussion, we are of the considered opinion that the High Court has rightly proceeded in the matter while setting aside the conviction of the appellants under Sections 147/148 IPC and convicting them with the aid of Section 34 IPC.
Sum up:
54. In view of the above, it is evident that an FIR had been lodged promptly within 20 minutes from the time of commission of the offence as the place of occurrence was in close proximity of Police Chowki and all the appellants along with other co-accused had been named therein. There had been an injured witness. The prosecution has explained the motive that the appellants did not like intervention of Chand Khan taking side of Kamla Bai who had been molested by persons of the accused party. Several hours after the lodging of the complaint by Chand Khan in that incident, the appellants attacked Chand Khan with motive in a pre-planned manner armed with deadly weapons and caused injuries. Shabir Khan, son of Chand Khan when came to rescue his father was also done away with. In the incident, Ashfaq (PW.2) also got injured. The courts below after appreciating the evidence on record rightly came to the conclusion that the five appellants had been responsible for the said offences. The testimony of these witnesses had been subjected to searching cross-examination, but nothing has been brought on record to discredit the statement of either of the eye-witnesses.
55. In view of the above, we are of the view that the instant case does not present special features warranting review of the impugned judgment. Thus, there is no cogent reason to interfere with the impugned judgment and order dated 12.1.2006 passed by the High Court of Madhya Pradesh. The appeals lack merit and are accordingly dismissed.
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1. All the aforesaid appeals have been filed against the common judgment and order dated 12.1.2006, of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh at Jabalpur in Criminal Appeal Nos.1191 of 1998; 1210 of 1998; and 281 of 2001 by which the appellants have been convicted under Sections 302/34 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (hereinafter called IPC) for committing the murders of Chand Khan and Shabir Khan, while setting aside their conviction under Sections 147 and 148 IPC awarded by the Trial Court.
2. Facts and circumstances giving rise to these appeals are that on 16.8.1994 at about 7.50 p.m., F.I.R. No.1/1994 under Sections 302, 147, 148, 149 and 307 IPC was lodged at Police Station Mandai Chowk Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh, according to which 17 accused including 5 appellants armed with deadly weapons came from the mosque way; stopped Chand Khan and started beating him with weapons with an intention to kill him. After hearing the hue and cry made by Chand Khan, his wife Zaira Banu, sons Shabir (deceased), Anees (PW.1), and Ashfaq (PW.2), and brother Usman Ali (PW.4) came running to the place of occurrence and after seeing the incident, they were so scared that they could not muster the courage to intervene immediately. After some time Zaira Banu, Shabir and Ashfaq tried to rescue Chand Khan. Shabir was also assaulted, he was seriously injured and died on the spot. Ashfaq (PW.2), and his mother Zaira Banu also got injuries on their persons at the hands of the accused.
3. The Investigating Officer sent the dead bodies for post-mortems which were conducted by Dr. R.P. Sharma (PW.3). In his opinion, the cause of death of both Chand Khan and Shabir was excessive hemorrhage resulting in injuries to brain and lungs. Ashfaq (PW.2) was also examined medically. After completing the investigation, out of the seventeen accused, fourteen were put to trial for offences under Sections 148, 302 and 323, in the alternative 302/149, 324/149 and 323/149 IPC. One Nanhe Khan @ Abdul Wahid died before commencement of trial. One accused namely, Rais S/o Mumtaz is still absconding. While Iqbal @ Bhura, appellant, had also absconded, but afterwards he surrendered and was tried separately. The appellants and the other accused denied the charges and pleaded that they were falsely implicated and claimed trial. The prosecution examined 12 witnesses including Anees (PW.1), Ashfaq (PW.2) and Usman Ali (PW.4), as eye-witnesses. The other relevant witnesses were Dr. R.P. Sharma (PW.3) who conducted the post-mortems on the bodies of the deceased, Ramesh Kumar Dubey (PW.7) and Rajmal Sharma (PW.8) who had investigated the case. The appellants examined 4 witnesses in defence.
4. After conclusion of the trial, the Special Additional Sessions Judge, Shajapur, convicted Abdul Sayeed (A.11), Mumtaz Khan (A.9), Rafiq (A.6) and Rais (A.5) under Section 148 IPC and awarded a sentence of 3 years’ imprisonment to each; Mumtaz (A.9) was sentenced to 2 years’ imprisonment under Section 147; Mumtaz (A.9) and Abdul Sayeed (A.11) were sentenced to Rigorous Imprisonment for life and fine of Rs.2000/- under Section 302 IPC for committing murder of Chand Khan; Rais @ Toun (A.5) and Rafiq (A.6) were sentenced to Rigorous Imprisonment for life and fine of Rs.1000/- under Section 302 IPC for committing murder of Shabir; Sayeed (A.7) was convicted under Section 324 IPC and given 2 years Rigorous Imprisonment for causing injuries to Ashfaq (PW.2); Hanif Khan (A.1), was convicted under Sections 304 Part-II, 323 and 147 IPC for causing injuries to Shabir. Iqbal alias Bhura, appellant also got convicted in separate Sessions Trial No.190/94 vide judgment and order dated 11.1.2001, under Sections 148 and 302 IPC and was awarded Rigorous Imprisonment of 3 years and life imprisonment respectively along with certain fines.
5. All the said convicts filed Criminal Appeal Nos.1191/98; 1210/98; 1233/98; and 281/2001 before the High Court of Madhya Pradesh. The State of Madhya Pradesh also filed Criminal Appeal No.1447/98 against the acquittal of some of the accused for offences under Sections 302/149, 324/149 and 323/149 IPC. As all the appeals related to the same incident, the High Court disposed of all the appeals by the common judgment and order dated 12.1.2006 wherein the appellants had been convicted as mentioned hereinabove, i.e., under Sections 302/34 IPC setting aside their conviction under Sections 147/148 IPC. The High Court allowed Criminal Appeal No.1191/98 with regard to the other co-accused, Hanif Khan, Bashir Khan, Sayeed and Aslam. The appeal filed by the State of Madhya Pradesh was partly allowed. Hence, these appeals.
6. All these appeals have arisen from the same incident and have been filed against the common judgment of the High Court and thus, are being heard together.
7. Shri Fakhruddin, learned Senior counsel, Shri Ranbir Singh Yadav and Ms. Rakhi Ray, learned counsel appearing for the appellants, have submitted that in case the High Court had set aside the conviction of all the appellants and other co-accused under Sections 147/148 IPC, question of convicting them with the aid of Section 34 IPC did not arise, even otherwise no charge under Section 34 IPC was framed by the Trial Court; nor any evidence had been led to show that offences had been committed by the appellants in furtherance of a common intention. Essential ingredients of Section 34 IPC, i.e., that a common intention was shared, has not been established by the prosecution. More so, the weapons allegedly used for committing the offences by the appellants do not tally with the ocular evidence of the eye-witnesses. Therefore, injuries caused to the deceased and other injured persons cannot be attributed to the appellants. Conviction under Sections 302/34 IPC is unwarranted and thus, the appeals deserve to be allowed.
8. On the other hand, Shri C.D. Singh, learned counsel appearing for the State, has vehemently opposed the appeals contending that not framing the charge under Section 34 IPC is not fatal to the prosecution and the High Court has rightly convicted the appellants under Sections 302/34 IPC. Seventeen persons came to the spot armed with deadly weapons with a common intention to kill Chand Khan. They surrounded Chand Khan and started causing injuries to him. In such a fact-situation the eye-witnesses may not describe exactly what role had been played by an individual assailant. If there are small omissions in the depositions of the eye-witnesses, the same require to be ignored. The injured witnesses have to be relied upon and even in case there is some conflict between the ocular evidence and medical evidence, the ocular evidence has to be preferred. Therefore, the appeals lack merit and are liable to be dismissed.
9. We have considered the rival submissions made by the learned counsel for the parties and perused the record.
10. As mentioned hereinabove, 17 persons had allegedly participated in the crime. As per the prosecution, on the date of occurrence, i.e., 16.8.1994 at about 11 A.M., one Kamla Bai, daughter of Dev Karan, neighbour of informant Anees (PW.1) was molested by Munim Khan and Mumtaz Khan (accused/appellant) in the fields of Faqir. Smt. Gora Bai, mother of Kamla Bai, complained to Chand Khan with regard to the said incident. Chand Khan (since deceased), went to advise the uncle of Munim Khan and Pappu alias Chote Khan in this regard and scolded them. He also gave one slap to one of the accused. The appellants and other co-accused did not like the conduct of Chand Khan and in the evening the appellants and the co-accused committed the offence mentioned hereinabove. In fact, this had been the motive for commission of the offence.
11. Out of the seventeen accused, ten stood acquitted by the courts below. One of them is still absconding. One had died prior to the commencement of the trial. Only five accused/appellants have been convicted by the High Court. Therefore, we are concerned only with the cases of these appellants. Making reference to any of the other co-accused at this stage would not serve any purpose.
12. As per the Autopsy Report (Ex.P/7-A), prepared by Dr. R.P. Sharma (PW.3) in respect of Chand Khan, the following external injuries were noticed:
1. Incised wound on head at occipital region, 1.5 cm x 1 x bone deep with fracture.
2. Incised wound on right parietal region 2.5 cm x x bone deep fracture of right parietal bone, clotted blood on cerebral membrane.
3. Incised wound on left leg 10 cm x 2 cm upto bony region of Tibia.
4. Stab wound on left side of chest between 3rd and 4th rib deep upto lung 1.5 cm x cm x deep upto left lung puncture.
5. Incised wound on left arm of posterior surface 5 cm x 2 cm x cm.
6. Lacerated wound over the left eye 1 cm x cm x cm.
12.1. In the opinion of the doctor grievous injures to vital organs i.e. head and lungs caused excessive haemorrhage which resulted in death.
13. Dr. R.P. Sharma (PW.3) also performed Autopsy on the body of Shabir Khan and gave Post-Mortem Report Ex.P/8-A. In this report he duly noted the external injuries as under:
1. Incised wound on head at right frontal level to right ear underneath frontal bone fracture.
2. Incised wound over the left parietal region 4, ‘ x bone deep .
3. One lacerated wound over the occipital region ‘ x ‘ x ‘.
4. Stab injury on the right side chest 1′ x ‘ x ‘.
5. Stab injury on the right side chest 1′ x ‘ x deep upto lung.
6. Incised wound on left shoulder 2, ‘ x ‘ x ‘.
7. Incised wound on right arm ‘ x ‘ x ‘.
8. Incised wound on right arm 1′ x ‘ x ‘.
13.1. The Autopsy Surgeon opined that on account of grievous injury to vital parts i.e. head and chest caused excessive haemorrhage which resulted in coma and death. Cause of death was Syncope.
14. Dr. M.K. Vashistha (PW.5) the Medical Specialist at Biaora, examined Ashfaq (PW.2) and prepared the report (Ex.P.10), according to which, he had sustained four injuries as under:
1. Incised wound 1 x 1/6 x 1/6 cm right side of the neck.
2. One bruise red 3 x 1 cm on the left arm.
3. Patient had complained of pain in the left leg but there was no external injury.
4. Abrasion on hip size x cm. The injuries were simple.
15. So far as Abdul Sayeed (A.11) is concerned, as per the prosecution he had a knife of 8′ and assaulted Chand Khan. It is evident from the evidence of Anees (PW.1), Ashfaq (PW.2) and Usman Ali (PW.4) that Chand Khan received cut injuries and stab wounds as found by Dr. R.P. Sharma (PW.3). As per the medical report, his left lung was found punctured due to a stab wound. The knife used in the crime was recovered by the Investigating Officer at the instance of the said appellant. He has also caused injury to Ashfaq (PW.2), an eye-witness. In view of the above, the trial Court as well as the High Court reached the conclusion that he was one of the accused persons responsible for the death of Chand Khan.
16. So far as Rais alias Toun (A.5) is concerned, as per the evidence of Anees (PW.1), Ashfaq (PW.2) and Usman Ali (PW.4) when Shabir (since deceased), came to save his father Chand Khan, Rais Khan (A.5) attacked Shabir with sword. Dr. R.P. Sharma (PW.3) who examined Shabir deposed that the injuries suffered by Shabir were the result of the use of the weapon assigned to Rais alias Toun as well as other co-accused. Rais alias Toun had the sword which resulted these wounds. The trial Court as well as the High Court have found Rais responsible for killing Shabir.
17. So far as Rafiq (A.6) is concerned, as per the evidence of Anees (PW.1), Ashfaq (PW.2) and Usman Ali (PW.4), Rafiq used a Gupti for committing the crime. Injuries caused with the Gupti were found by Dr. R.P. Sharma (PW.3) on the body of Shabir. The Gupti used by Rafiq was 18′ in length and 1-1/2′ in thickness and it was sharp like a knife. The trial Court as well as the High Court recorded the specific finding that the wound found on the body of Shabir was by plying Gupti and this was done by appellant Rafiq on Shabir (deceased).
18. So far as Mumtaz Khan (A.9) is concerned, as per the evidence of all the three eye-witnesses, he was holding a Farsi and had beaten Chand Khan. There was a cut wound on the head of Chand Khan due to which the bone of the occipital region cracked and Dr. R.P. Sharma (PW.3) deposed that he had found the skull wound which resulted in cracking of the skull. The trial Court as well as the High Court, after appreciating the entire evidence on record came to the conclusion that Mumtaz Khan took an active part in beating Chand Khan, due to which he died spontaneously.
19. So far as Iqbal alias Bhura is concerned, as per the evidence of Anees (PW.1), Ashfaq (PW.2) and Usman Ali (PW.4), he had a sword and assaulted Shabir and the injury caused by him has been duly supported by the medical evidence. The trial Court convicted him vide judgment and order dated 11.1.2001 in a separate trial. The trial Court and the High Court found him guilty for committing murder of Shabir.
20. Ashfaq (PW.2) has stated that all the accused surrounded his father and attacked him with their weapons from all sides. He has named Rais alias Toun, Mumtaz Khan, Abdul Sayeed and Iqbal alias Bhura. It is also evident from his deposition that while running away from the place of occurrence they mocked him and said: ‘however many of you come, we will see the end of you.’ This shows that there was a common intention. Ashfaq has also explained how he had been injured. Anees (PW.1) has also deposed regarding the participation of all the five appellants and has explained what weapons they were carrying and how they had caused injuries to his father and brother. He has deposed that Chand Khan was killed by Abdul Sayeed and Mumtaz Khan and Shabir by Iqbal alias Bhura, Rais alias Toun and Rafiq. Usman Ali (PW.4), has named all the appellants along with the other co-accused who have been acquitted by the Courts below and has given full details of the incident. He also deposed that while causing the injuries, the culprits were shouting ‘kill them kill them’. He denied the suggestion that the appellants had not caused injury to Shabir and also denied the suggestion that Iqbal was not present there at the time of incident. He also denied the suggestion that Mumtaz Khan and Abdul Sayeed did not cause any injury to Chand Khan with Farsi and knife respectively.
21. It has strenuously been argued on behalf of the appellants that the injuries found on the person of victims could not be caused with the weapons alleged to have been with the appellants and the same cannot be in consonance with the ocular evidence of Anees (PW.1), Ashfaq (PW.2) and Usman Ali (PW.4). Thus, appellants are entitled for the benefit of doubt as there is clear cut contradiction between the ocular and medical evidence.
Identification in a Crowd of Assailants:
22. In cases where there are a large number of assailants, it can be difficult for a witness to identify each assailant and attribute a specific role to him. In Masalti v. State of Uttar Pradesh [AIR 1965 SC 202], this Court held as under:
‘Where a crowd of assailants who are members of an unlawful assembly proceeds to commit an offence of murder in pursuance of the common object of the unlawful assembly, it is often not possible for witnesses to describe accurately the part played by each one of the assailants. Besides, if a large crowd of persons armed with weapons assaults the intended victims, it may not be necessary that all of them have to take part in the actual assault. In the present case, for instance, several weapons were carried by different members of the unlawful assembly, but it appears that the guns were used and that was enough to kill 5 persons. In such a case, it would be unreasonable to contend that because the other weapons carried by the members of the unlawful assembly were not used, the story in regard to the said weapons itself should be rejected. Appreciation of evidence in such complex case is no doubt a difficult task; but criminal courts have to do their best in dealing with such cases and it is their duty to sift the evidence carefully and decide which part of it is true and which is not.’
[Emphasis added]
23. A similar view was taken by this Court in Kallu alias Masih & Ors. v. State of Madhya Pradesh [JT 2006 (2) SCC 631 : 2006 (10) SCC 313]; and Viji & Anr. v. State of Karnataka [JT 2008 (11) SC 435 : 2008 (15) SCC 786] observing that in such a case it is not possible that all the witnesses may specifically refer to the acts of each assailants.
24. In Bhag Singh & Ors. v. State of Punjab [JT 1997 (7) SC 656 : 1997 (7) SCC 712], while dealing with a similar contention, this Court observed:
‘It is a general handicap attached to all eyewitnesses, if they fail to speak with precision their evidence would be assailed as vague and evasive, on the contrary if they speak to all the events very well and correctly their evidence becomes vulnerable to be attacked as tutored. Both approaches are dogmatic and fraught with lack of pragmatism. The testimony of a witness should be viewed from broad angles. It should not be weighed in golden scales, but with cogent standards. In a particular case an eyewitness may be able to narrate the incident with all details without mistake if the occurrence had made an imprint on the canvas of his mind in the sequence in which it occurred. He may be a person whose capacity for absorption and retention of events is stronger than another person. It should be remembered that what he witnessed was not something that happens usually but a very exceptional one so far as he is concerned. If he reproduces it in the same sequence as it registered in his mind the testimony cannot be dubbed as artificial on that score alone.’
25. In the instant case, a very large number of assailants attacked Chand Khan and Shabir (deceased), caused injuries with deadly weapons to them. The incident stood concluded within few minutes. Thus, it is natural that the exact version of the incident revealing every minute detail, i.e., meticulous exactitude of individual acts cannot be given by the eye-witnesses.
Injured Witness
26. The question of the weight to be attached to the evidence of a witness that was himself injured in the course of the occurrence has been extensively discussed by this Court. Where a witness to the occurrence has himself been injured in the incident, the testimony of such a witness is generally considered to be very reliable, as he is a witness that comes with a built-in guarantee of his presence at the scene of the crime and is unlikely to spare his actual assailant(s) in order to falsely implicate someone. ‘Convincing evidence is required to discredit an injured witness’. (Vide Ramlagan Singh & Ors. v. State of Bihar [AIR 1972 SC 2593]; Malkhan Singh & Anr. v. State of Uttar Pradesh [AIR 1975 SC 12]; Machhi Singh & Ors. v. State of Punjab [AIR 1983 SC 957]; Appabhai & Anr. v. State of Gujarat [JT 1988 (1) SC 249 : AIR 1988 SC 696]; Bonkya alias Bharat Shivaji Mane & Ors. v. State of Maharashtra [JT 1995 (7) SC 194 : 1995 (6) SCC 447]; Bhag Singh & Ors. (supra); Mohar & Anr. v. State of Uttar Pradesh [JT 2002 (7) SC 393 : 2002 (7) SCC 606]; Dinesh Kumar v. State of Rajasthan [JT 2008 (9) SC 148 : 2008 (8) SCC 270]; Vishnu & Ors. v. State of Rajasthan [JT 2009 (12) SC 395 : 2009 (10) SCC 477]; Annareddy Sambasiva Reddy & Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh [JT 2009 (5) SC 617]; Balraje alias Trimbak v. State of Maharashtra [JT 2010 (6) SC 133 : 2010 (6) SCC 673]).
27. While deciding this issue, a similar view was taken in, Jarnail Singh v. State of Punjab [JT 2009 (11) SC 682 : 2009 (9) SCC 719], where this Court reiterated the special evidentiary status accorded to the testimony of an injured accused and relying on its earlier judgments held as under:
‘Darshan Singh (PW 4) was an injured witness. He had been examined by the doctor. His testimony could not be brushed aside lightly. He had given full details of the incident as he was present at the time when the assailants reached the tubewell. In Shivalingappa Kallayanappa v. State of Karnataka [JT 1994 (5) SC 444], this Court has held that the deposition of the injured witness should be relied upon unless there are strong grounds for rejection of his evidence on the basis of major contradictions and discrepancies, for the reason that his presence on the scene stands established in case it is proved that he suffered the injury during the said incident.
In State of U.P. v. Kishan Chand [JT 2004 (6) SC 535], a similar view has been reiterated observing that the testimony of a stamped witness has its own relevance and efficacy. The fact that the witness sustained injuries at the time and place of occurrence, lends support to his testimony that he was present during the occurrence. In case the injured witness is subjected to lengthy cross-examination and nothing can be elicited to discard his testimony, it should be relied upon (vide Krishan v. State of Haryana [2006 (12) SCC 459]). Thus, we are of the considered opinion that evidence of Darshan Singh (PW 4) has rightly been relied upon by the courts below.’
28. The law on the point can be summarised to the effect that the testimony of the injured witness is accorded a special status in law. This is as a consequence of the fact that the injury to the witness is an in-built guarantee of his presence at the scene of the crime and because the witness will not want to let his actual assailant go unpunished merely to falsely implicate a third party for the commission of the offence. Thus, the deposition of the injured witness should be relied upon unless there are strong grounds for rejection of his evidence on the basis of major contradictions and discrepancies therein.
29. Ashfaq (PW.2) had given graphic description of the entire incident. His presence on the spot cannot be doubted as he was injured in the incident. His deposition must be given due weightage. His deposition also stood fully corroborated by the evidence of Anees (PW.1) and Usmal Ali (PW.4). The depositions so made cannot be brushed aside merely because there have been some trivial contradictions or omissions.
Medical Evidence versus Ocular Evidence
30. In Ram Narain Singh v. State of Punjab [AIR 1975 SC 1727], this Court held that where the evidence of the witnesses for the prosecution is totally inconsistent with the medical evidence or the evidence of the ballistics expert, it amounts to a fundamental defect in the prosecution’s case and unless reasonably explained it is sufficient to discredit the entire case.
31. In State of Haryana v. Bhagirath & Ors. [JT 1999 (3) SC 602 : 1999 (5) SCC 96], it was held as follows:
‘The opinion given by a medical witness need not be the last word on the subject. Such an opinion shall be tested by the court. If the opinion is bereft of logic or objectivity, the court is not obliged to go by that opinion. After all opinion is what is formed in the mind of a person regarding a fact situation. If one doctor forms one opinion and another doctor forms a different opinion on the same facts it is open to the Judge to adopt the view which is more objective or probable. Similarly if the opinion given by one doctor is not consistent with probability the court has no liability to go by that opinion merely because it is said by the doctor. Of course, due weight must be given to opinions given by persons who are experts in the particular subject.’
[Emphasis added]
32. Drawing on Bhagirath’s case (supra.), this Court has held that where the medical evidence is at variance with ocular evidence, it has to be noted that it would be erroneous to accord undue primacy to the hypothetical answers of medical witnesses to exclude the eyewitnesses’ account which had to be tested independently and not treated as the ‘variable’ keeping the medical evidence as the ‘constant’. Where the eyewitnesses’ account is found credible and trustworthy, a medical opinion pointing to alternative possibilities can not be accepted as conclusive. The eyewitnesses’ account requires a careful independent assessment and evaluation for its credibility, which should not be adversely prejudged on the basis of any other evidence, including medical evidence, as the sole touchstone for the test of such credibility. The evidence must be tested for its inherent consistency and the inherent probability of the story; consistency with the account of other witnesses held to be creditworthy; consistency with the undisputed facts, the ‘credit’ of the witnesses; their performance in the witness box; their power of observation etc. Then the probative value of such evidence becomes eligible to be put into the scales for a cumulative evaluation. (Vide Thaman Kumar v. State of Union Territory of Chandigarh [JT 2003 (4) SC 478 : 2003 (6) SCC 380]; and Krishnan v. State [JT 2003 (6) SC 151 : 2003 (7) SCC 56]).
33. In Solanki Chimanbhai Ukabhai v. State of Gujarat [AIR 1983 SC 484], this Court observed,
‘Ordinarily, the value of medical evidence is only corroborative. It proves that the injuries could have been caused in the manner alleged and nothing more. The use which the defence can make of the medical evidence is to prove that the injuries could not possibly have been caused in the manner alleged and thereby discredit the eye-witnesses. Unless, however the medical evidence in its turn goes so far that it completely rules out all possibilities whatsoever of injuries taking place in the manner alleged by eyewitnesses, the testimony of the eye-witnesses cannot be thrown out on the ground of alleged inconsistency between it and the medical evidence.’ [Emphasis added]
34. A similar view has been taken in Mani Ram & Ors. v. State of U.P. [JT 1994 (4) SC 62 : 1994 (Suppl. 2) SCC 289]; Khambam Raja Reddy & Anr. v. Public Prosecutor, High Court of A.P. [JT 2006 (12) SC 164 : 2006 (11) SCC 239]; and State of U.P. v. Dinesh [JT 2009 (3) SC 106 : 2009 (11) SCC 566].
35. In State of U.P. v. Hari Chand [JT 2009 (6) SC 208 : 2009 (13) SCC 542], this Court reiterated the aforementioned position of law and stated that,
‘In any event unless the oral evidence is totally irreconcilable with the medical evidence, it has primacy.’
36. Thus, the position of law in cases where there is a contradiction between medical evidence and ocular evidence can be crystallised to the effect that though the ocular testimony of a witness has greater evidentiary value vis–vis medical evidence, when medical evidence makes the ocular testimony improbable, that becomes a relevant factor in the process of the evaluation of evidence. However, where the medical evidence goes so far that it completely rules out all possibility of the ocular evidence being true, the ocular evidence may be disbelieved.
37. In the instant case as referred to hereinabove, a very large number of assailants attacked one person, thus the witnesses cannot be able to state as how many injuries and in what manner the same had been caused by the accused. In such a fact-situation, discrepancy in medical evidence and ocular evidence is bound to occur. However, it cannot tilt the balance in favour of the appellants.
38. It has been canvassed on behalf of the appellants that there was no charge framed under Section 34 IPC by the trial Court and appellants and other co-accused have been charged under Section 147/148 IPC. All of them have been acquitted for the said charges. Thus, it was not permissible for the High Court to convict the appellants with the aid of Section 34 IPC. Non-framing of charge is fatal to the prosecution. Thus, the appellants are entitled for acquittal on this ground alone.
Effect of Failure to frame proper charges
39. In State of Andhra Pradesh v. Thakkidiram Reddy & Ors. [JT 1998 (5) SC 398], this Court considered the issue of failure to frame the proper charges. observing as under:
’10. Sub-section (1) of Section 464 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 (`the Code’, for short) expressly provides that no finding, sentence or order by a court of competent jurisdiction shall be deemed invalid merely on the ground that no charge was framed or on the ground of any error, omission or irregularity in the charge including any misjoinder of charges, unless in the opinion of the court of appeal, confirmation or revision, a failure of justice has in fact been occasioned thereby. Sub-section (2) of the said section lays down the procedure that the court of appeal, confirmation or revision has to follow in case it is of the opinion that a failure of justice has in fact been occasioned. The other section relevant for our purposes is Section 465 of the Code; and it lays down that no finding, sentence or order passed by a court of competent jurisdiction shall be reversed or altered by a court of appeal, confirmation or revision on account of any error, omission or irregularity in the proceedings, unless in the opinion of that court, a failure of justice has in fact been occasioned. It further provides, inter alia, that in determining whether any error, omission or irregularity in any proceeding under this Code has occasioned a failure of justice, the Court shall have regard to the fact whether the objection could and should have been raised at an earlier stage in the proceedings.’
39.1. The Court further held that in judging a question of prejudice, as of guilt, the court must look to the substance of the matter and not to technicalities, and its main concern should be to see whether the accused had a fair trial, whether he knew what he was being tried for, whether the main facts sought to be established against him were explained to him fairly and clearly and whether he was given a full and fair chance to defend himself. In the said case this Court ultimately came to the conclusion that despite the defect in the framing of charges, as no prejudice had been caused to the accused, no interference was required.
40. A Constitution Bench of this Court in Willie (William) Slaney v. State of Madhya Pradesh [AIR 1956 SC 116], considered the issue of failure to frame charges properly and the conviction of an accused for the offences for which he has not been charged and reached the conclusion as under:
’86. … In such a situation, the absence of a charge under one or other of the various heads of criminal liability for the offence cannot be said to be fatal by itself, and before a conviction for the substantive offence, without a charge, can be set aside, prejudice will have to be made out. ….
87. … If it is so grave that prejudice will necessarily be implied or imported, it may be described as an illegality. If the seriousness of the omission is of a lesser degree, it will be an irregularity and prejudice by way of failure of justice will have to be established.’
41. This Court in Gurpreet Singh v. State of Punjab [JT 2005 (9) SC 465 : 2005 (12) SCC 615], referred to and relied upon its earlier judgments in Willie (William) Slaney (supra) and Thakkidiram Reddy (supra), and held that unless there is a failure of justice and thereby the cause of the accused has been prejudiced, no interference is required if the conviction can be upheld on the evidence led against the accused. The Court should not interfere unless it is established that the accused was in any way prejudiced due to the errors and omissions in framing the charges against him.
41.1. A similar view has been reiterated by this Court in Ramji Singh v. State of Bihar [JT 2001 (8) SC 521 : 2001 (9) SCC 528]; and Sanichar Sahni v. State of Bihar [JT 2009 (13) SC 192 : 2009 (7) SCC 198].
42. There is no bar in law on conviction of the accused with the aid of Section 34 IPC in place of Section 149 IPC if there is evidence on record to show that such accused shared a common intention to commit the crime and no apparent injustice or prejudice is shown to have been caused by application of Section 34 IPC in place of Section 149 IPC. The absence of a charge under one or the other or the various heads of criminal liability for the offence cannot be said to be by itself prejudicial to the accused, and before a conviction for the substantive offence without a charge can be set aside, prejudice will have to be made out. Such a legal position is bound to be held good in view of the provisions of Sections 215, 216, 218, 221 and 464 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. (Vide: Dalip Singh & Ors. v. State of Punjab [AIR 1953 SC 364]; Malhu Yadav & Ors. v. State of Bihar [2002 (5) SCC 724]; Dhaneswar Mahakud & Ors. v. State of Orissa [JT 2006 (5) SC 144 : 2009 (9) SCC 307]; and Annareddy Sambasiva Reddy & Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh (supra).
43. Thus, the law on the issue can be summarised to the effect that unless the accused is able to
establish that the defect(s) in framing the charge(s) has caused real prejudice to him; that he was not informed as to what was the real case against him; or that he could not defend himself properly, no interference is required on mere technicalities.
44. If the instant case is examined in the light of the aforesaid settled legal propositions we do not find any force in the submissions made on behalf of the appellants.
Section 34 IPC
45. The aforesaid conclusion takes us to the issue raised by the appellants as to whether appellants could be convicted with the aid of Section 34 IPC.
45.1. Section 34 IPC carves out an exception from general law that a person is responsible for his own act, as it provides that a person can also be held vicariously responsible for the act of others if he has the ‘common intention’ to commit the offence. The phrase ‘common intention’ implies a pre-arranged plan and acting in concert pursuant to the plan. Thus, the common intention must be there prior to the commission of the offence in point of time. The common intention to bring about a particular result may also well develop on the spot as between a number of persons, with reference to the facts of the case and circumstances existing thereto. The common intention under Section 34 IPC is to be understood in a different sense from the ‘same intention’ or ‘similar intention’ or ‘common object’. The persons having similar intention which is not the result of the pre- arranged plan cannot be held guilty of the criminal act with the aid of Section 34 IPC. (See Mohan Singh & Anr. v. State of Punjab [AIR 1963 SC 174]).
46. The establishment of an overt act is not a requirement of law to allow Section 34 to operate inasmuch this Section gets attracted when a criminal act is done by several persons in furtherance of the common intention of all. What has, therefore, to be established by the prosecution is that all the concerned persons had shared a common intention. (vide : Krishnan & Anr. v. State of Kerala [JT 1996 (7) SC 613 : 1996 (10) SCC 508]; and Harbans Kaur & Anr. v. State of Haryana [JT 2005 (3) SC 233 : 2005 (9) SCC 195]).
46.1. Undoubtedly, the ingredients of Section 34, i.e., that the accused had acted in furtherance of their common intention is required to be proved specifically or by inference, in the facts and circumstances of the case. (Vide: Hamlet alias Sasi & Ors. v. State of Kerala [JT 2003 (7) SC 351 : 2003 (10) SCC 108]; Pichai alias Pichandi & Ors. v. State of Tamil Nadu [2005 (10) SCC 505]; and Bishna alias Bhiswadeb Mahato & Ors. v. State of West Bengal [JT 2005 (9) SC 290 : 2005 (12) SCC 657]).
47. In Gopi Nath @ Jhallar v. State of U.P. [JT 2001 (6) SC 130], this court observed as under:
‘8…..Even the doing of separate, similar or diverse acts by several persons, so long as they are done in furtherance of a common intention, render each of such persons liable for the result of them all, as if he had done them himself, for the whole of the criminal action — be it that it was not overt or was only a covert act or merely an omission constituting an illegal omission. The section, therefore, has been held to be attracted even where the acts committed by the different confederates are different when it is established in one way or the other that all of them participated and engaged themselves in furtherance of the common intention which might be of a pre-concerted or pre-arranged plan or one manifested or developed at the spur of the moment in the course of the commission of the offence. The common intention or the intention of the individual concerned in furtherance of the common intention could be proved either from direct evidence or by inference from the acts or attending circumstances of the case and conduct of the parties. The ultimate decision, at any rate, would invariably depend upon the inferences deducible from the circumstances of each case.’
48. In Krishnan and Anr. v. State represented by Inspector of Police (supra), this court observed that applicability of Section 34 is dependent on the facts and circumstances of each case. No hard and fast rule can be made out regarding applicability or non-applicability of Section 34.
49. In Girija Shankar v. State of U.P. [JT 2004 (2) SC 140 : 2004 (3) SCC 793], it is observed that Section 34 has been enacted to elucidate the principle of joint liability of a criminal act:
‘Section 34 has been enacted on the principle of joint liability in the doing of a criminal act. The section is only a rule of evidence and does not create a substantive offence. The distinctive feature of the section is the element of participation in action. The liability of one person for an offence committed by another in the course of criminal act perpetrated by several persons arises under Section 34 if such criminal act is done in furtherance of a common intention of the persons who join in committing the crime. Direct proof of common intention is seldom available and, therefore, such intention can only be inferred from the circumstances appearing from the proved facts of the case and the proved circumstances.’ (Emphasis added)
50. In Virendra Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh [JT 2010 (8) SC 319], this Court observed that:
‘Section 34 IPC does not create any distinct offence, but it lays down the principle of constructive liability. Section 34 IPC stipulates that the act must have been done in furtherance of the common intention. In order to incur joint liability for an offence there must be a pre-arranged and pre-meditated concert between the accused persons for doing the act actually done, though there might not be long interval between the act and the pre-meditation and though the plan may be formed suddenly. In order that section 34 IPC may apply, it is not necessary that the prosecution must prove that the act was done by a particular or a specified person. In fact, the section is intended to cover a case where a number of persons act together and on the facts of the case it is not possible for the prosecution to prove as to which of the persons who acted together actually committed the crime. Little or no distinction exists between a charge for an offence under a particular section and a charge under that section read with Section 34.’
51. Section 34 can be invoked even in those cases where some of the co-accused may be acquitted provided, it can be proved either by direct evidence or inference that the accused and the others have committed an offence in pursuance of the common intention of the group. (vide: Prabhu Babaji v. State of Bombay [AIR 1956 SC 51]).
52. Section 34 intends to meet a case in which it is not possible to distinguish between the criminal acts of the individual members of a party, who act in furtherance of the common intention of all the members of the party or it is not possible to prove exactly what part was played by each of them. In the absence of common intention, the criminal liability of a member of the group might differ according to the mode of the individual’s participation in the act. Common intention means that each member of the group is aware of the act to be committed.
53. In view of the aforesaid discussion, we are of the considered opinion that the High Court has rightly proceeded in the matter while setting aside the conviction of the appellants under Sections 147/148 IPC and convicting them with the aid of Section 34 IPC.
Sum up:
54. In view of the above, it is evident that an FIR had been lodged promptly within 20 minutes from the time of commission of the offence as the place of occurrence was in close proximity of Police Chowki and all the appellants along with other co-accused had been named therein. There had been an injured witness. The prosecution has explained the motive that the appellants did not like intervention of Chand Khan taking side of Kamla Bai who had been molested by persons of the accused party. Several hours after the lodging of the complaint by Chand Khan in that incident, the appellants attacked Chand Khan with motive in a pre-planned manner armed with deadly weapons and caused injuries. Shabir Khan, son of Chand Khan when came to rescue his father was also done away with. In the incident, Ashfaq (PW.2) also got injured. The courts below after appreciating the evidence on record rightly came to the conclusion that the five appellants had been responsible for the said offences. The testimony of these witnesses had been subjected to searching cross-examination, but nothing has been brought on record to discredit the statement of either of the eye-witnesses.
55. In view of the above, we are of the view that the instant case does not present special features warranting review of the impugned judgment. Thus, there is no cogent reason to interfere with the impugned judgment and order dated 12.1.2006 passed by the High Court of Madhya Pradesh. The appeals lack merit and are accordingly dismissed.
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